CHITSANZO CHATSOPANO CHAKUKHALA KWA VIETNAMESE - Gawo 1

Kumenya: 993

Donny Trương¹
School of Art ku George Mason University

MAU OYAMBA

    Cholinga changa cha kope loyambalo chinali kupindula Zojambula zaku Vietnamese. Idasindikizidwa mu Novembala 2015 monga lingaliro langa lomaliza laukadaulo waluso pakupanga zojambulajambula kuchokera School of Art ku George Mason University, bukuli lidakhala chitsogozo chofunikira pakapangidwe Zolemba zaku Vietnamese.

     Opanga mitundu yambiri adagwiritsa ntchito bukuli kuwathandiza kumvetsetsa zapadera za Vietnamese. Adaphunzira zambiri komanso zovuta za Makina aku Vietnamese ngakhale osalankhula kapena kulemba chilankhulo. Zotsatira zake, adalimba mtima pakupanga zolemba m'magawo, zomwe zimagwira gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuwonekera kwa Chiyankhulochi.

    Zizindikiro zopatsa chidwi ndi njira zomwe zimatsogolera owerenga kuti amvetse tanthauzo la mawu ena. Popanda zomveka zomveka komanso zoyenera, kutuluka kwa mawu kungasokonezedwe ndikusokoneza. Popanda iwo, kulankhulana kolemba kumasokonekera. Kuphatikiza apo, tanthauzo lenileni la lembalo silabisika.

    Chiyambire kutulutsidwa kwa bukuli, ndakhala ndikulangiza opanga mitundu pakukulitsa mawonekedwe awo kuti athandizire Vietnamese. Pokambirana nawo, ndidamvetsetsa bwino zovuta komanso zovuta zomwe anali nazo. Ndilibe china koma zokumana nazo zabwino komanso zothandiza pogwira nawo ntchito. Ndikuyamikira chisamaliro komanso chisamaliro chomwe adapereka pakupanga zilembo za Vietnamese.

    Kuti ndisonyeze kuyamikira kwanga kwa anthu amtunduwu, ndakonzanso ndikuwonjezera mtundu wachiwiri kuti ndizipereka chidziwitso chofunikira, ndikupereka zithunzi zambiri, ndikuwonetsa mitundu yambiri yothandizidwa ndi Vietnamese.

POYAMBA

    kuchokera 207 BC ku 939 AD, ulamuliro wa ma dynasties angapo aku China adakhudza kwambiri chikhalidwe ndi mabuku aku Vietnam. Zotsatira zake, mkuluyo Chiyankhulochi linalembedwa mkati Zachikale Zachi China (chho Nho) asanayambike mbadwa Zolemba zaku Vietnamese (chô Nôm) ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Chilembo cha Chilatini (Quữc ngữ)².

CH ndi NHO

   Motsogozedwa ndi achi China m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chinayi, zikalata zaboma zaku Vietnam zidalembedwa mu malingaliro achitchaina otchedwa ku Nho (zolemba za akatswiri,, yotchedwanso ku Hán (Makina a Han). Ngakhale Vietnam italengeza ufulu wake mu 939, ku Nho chinali chilankhulo chodziwika bwino m'mapepala ovomerezeka mpaka kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX. Chữ Nho idagwiritsidwabe ntchito masiku ano ngati zikwangwani za calligraphic pamiyambo yachikhalidwe monga zikondwerero, maliro, Chaka Chatsopano cha Lunar (Tet), ndi maukwati. Ngakhale ku Nho anali wolemekezeka kwambiri chifukwa ku Nho kulemba ndi kuwerenga ndiko mfungulo yamphamvu, chuma, ndi kutchuka - Ophunzira aku Vietnamese amafuna kupanga njira yawo yolemba yotchedwa chữ Nôm³.

CHỮ QuỐC NGỮ

    Chiroma Makina aku Vietnamese idayamba m'zaka za zana la chisanu ndi chiwiri pamene amishonale Achikatolika amafunika kulemba malembo kwa otembenuza awo atsopano. Monga chữ Nôm idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi okhawo ndi osankhidwa okha, amishonalewa adafuna kuyambitsa zolemba zachipembedzo kwa anthu ambiri, kuphatikiza anthu otsika omwe sakanatha kuwerenga Nom malingaliro.

     In 1624, French Jesusit ndi Lexicologist Alexandre de Rhode adayamba ntchito yake ku Cochinchina komwe adakumana ndi aJesuit achi Portuguese Francisco de Pina ndipo adaphunzira Vietnamese mwachangu modabwitsa. Pakupita miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, Rhode anali atatha kulankhula chinenerochi. Tsoka ilo, Pina adamwalira m'sitima yapamadzi mu Đà Nẵng patatha chaka chimodzi. Rhode anapitiliza ndi cholinga chake ndipo adakhala zaka khumi ndi ziwiri akumvetsera kwa anthu akumaloko.

   In 1651, patatha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi atachoka ku Vietnam, Rhodes idafalitsa Kutanthauzira mawu Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum ndi Linguae Annamiticae seu Tunchinensis Brevis Chidziwitso. Ngakhale mabuku ake adayala maziko ake Quốc ngữ (chilankhulo), Rhode sanali woyamba kulenga Chiroma. Ntchito zake zidakhazikitsidwa ndi njira ya Pina, yomwe idadzozedwa ndi makalata a Abambo João Rodrigues a Romanised Vietnamese. Kuyambika kwa abambo a Rodrigues kunapangidwanso ndikupititsidwa patsogolo ndi aJesuit Achipwitikizi Gaspar kuchita Amaral, Yesuit wachipwitikizi Antonio Barbosa, ndi Yesuit waku France Alexandre de Rhode.⁵

    In 1773, zaka zoposa 100 pambuyo pake, French Jesusit Pierre-Joseph-Georges Pigneau de Béhaine lofalitsidwa Kutanthauzira mawu Anamitico-Latinum m'Chilatini, Nom script, ndi Quốc ngữ, mu 1838, Bishopu Jean-Louis Taberd kutsatira Kutanthauzira mawu Anamitico-Latinum, zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa ndi ntchito ya Pigneau de Béhaine. M'modzi mwa omwe adakhazikitsa njira yatsopano yolembera Vietnamese Philipphê Bỉnh, m'busa waku Vietnam yemwe amakhala ku Portugal. Zaka zake makumi atatu ali ku Portugal, Bỉnh adalemba mabuku oposa makumi awiri limodzi Quốc ngữ. Zolemba zake zidatsimikiza Quốc ngữ anali atayamba kupanga mawonekedwe.

    Mosiyana chữ Nôm, zomwe zimafunikira kuti aphunzire mozama komanso kuyeseza bwino, njira yatsopano yolembera Latin inali yodziwikiratu, yovomerezeka, komanso yothekera. Anthu aku Vietnamese amatha kuphunzira kuwerenga ndi kulemba chilankhulo chawo milungu ingapo m'malo mwa zaka. Ngakhale Quốc ngữ zinapangitsa kufalitsa kulemba ndi kuwerenga kwa anthu ambiri, sizinakhale zolemba zovomerezeka mpaka zaka zoyambirira zam'ma XNUMX pansi pa ulamuliro wamakoloni wa ku France (1864-1945).

     Kukula kwa njira yolemba zochokera ku Latin kudatsegula khomo la maphunziro ndi kusindikiza. Gia nh Báo (嘉定 報), nyuzipepala yoyamba ku Vietnam, adasindikiza kope lake loyamba mu Quốc ngữ pa Epulo 15, 1865. Pansi pa Director Trương Vĩnh Ký ndi Mkonzi-Wamkulu Huỳnh Tịnh Của, Gia nh Báo adachita mbali yofunika polimbikitsa anthu aku Vietnamese kuphunzira Quốc ngữ. Trương Vĩnh Ký anali atalemba zofalitsa zopitilira 118 kuyambira pa kafukufuku mpaka kumasulira kumasulira. Mu 1895, Gia nh Báo adatulutsa Huỳnh Tịnh Của's Nami Nam quốc âm tự vị, dikishonale yoyamba kulembedwa ndi katswiri waku Vietnamese wa anthu aku Vietnamese.

     In 1907, Ophunzira achi Vietnamese monga Lương Văn Angathe, Nguyễn Quyềnndipo Dương Bá Trạc anatsegula Đông Kinh nghĩa thục, bungwe lopanda maphunziro ku Hà Nội kuti lithandizire patsogolo dzikolo. Pozindikira mwayi wa Quốc ngữ, zomwe zinali zosavuta kuwerenga ndi kulemba, sukuluyo idagwiritsa ntchito njira yolembera yachiloma kuti isindikize zolemba, zolemba, ndi manyuzipepala (Đăng cổ Tùng báo ndi Ệi Việt Tân báo).

     Kuzungulira nthawi yomweyo mu 1907, Mtolankhani Nguyen Van Vinh ndinatsegula kampani yoyamba yosindikiza ndipo inafalitsa nyuzipepala yoyamba yoyima yomwe inatchedwa Palinso mwayi ku Hà Nội. Mu 1913, adasindikiza Đông dương Tạp chí kufalitsa Quốc ngữ. Onse awiri a Nguyễn Văn Vĩnh ndi a Trương Vĩnh Ký adadziwika kuti ndi abambo a nyuzipepala zaku Vietnam.

     kuchokera 1917 ku 1934Wolemba Pham Quynh adapereka zofunikira zambiri pamabuku ndi nzeru m'mabuku ake omwe amatchedwa Nam Phong tạp chí. Anamasuliranso ntchito zambiri zolemba ku France Quốc ngữ.

     In 1933, kupanga Tili ndi Lực Văn Đoàn (Gulu Lophunzira Lodzidalira) adadzikuza pakusintha kwakukuru mu zolemba zakale zaku Vietnam. Ophunzira a gululi, omwe amapanga Nhất Linh, Khái Hưng, Zodiac, Thạch Lam, Tú Mỡ, Thế Lữndipo Xuân Diệu, otchuka Quốc ngữ kudzera m'mawu awo osavuta, a Vietnamese. Adasindikiza nyuzi ziwiri masabata (Phong uwu ndi Ngày ayi), ndakatulo zamakono, komanso mabuku popanda kudalira zolemba zakale zaku China.

    Ngakhale amishonale achi French ndi Portugal adayambitsa njira yolembera ya Chiroma, atolankhani aku Vietnamese, olemba ndakatulo, akatswiri, ndi olemba adachita bwino, apamwamba, ndikupanga Quốc ngữ kukhala wolimba, waluso, komanso makonzedwe abwino olemba. Lero, Quốc ngữ, wotchedwanso phổ thông (script wamba,, ndiye orthogic yochokera ku Vietnam⁶.

… Zipitilira gawo 2…

BAN TU THU
01 / 2020

ZINDIKIRANI:
1: Za wolemba: Donny Trương ndiwopanga wokonda zolemba ndi ukonde. Adalandira mbuye wake waukadaulo popanga zithunzi kuchokera ku Sukulu ya Art pa George Mason University. Ndiye wolemba wa Professional Web typography.
Words Mawu olimba mtima ndi zithunzi za sepia akhazikitsidwa ndi Ban Tu Thu - adhanso.biz

ONANI ZAMBIRI:
◊  CHITSANZO CHATSOPANO CHAKUKHALA KWA VIETNAMESE - Gawo 2
◊  CHITSANZO CHATSOPANO CHAKUKHALA KWA VIETNAMESE - Gawo 3
◊ etc.