CHỮ NÔM kapena Buku Lakale Lachi Vietnamese Ndi Zakale Zakale za Zolemba za Vietnamese - Gawo 2
Kumenya: 494
Nguyễn Khắc-Kham*
… Ikupitilira gawo 1:
Mawonekedwe a Nôm script **
Monga momwe tingaweruzidwire kuchokera kuzidutswa zabwino za izi za Chi Vietnamese Chữ Nom, script iyi si yokongola komanso yopanda tanthauzo monga ena otsutsa amati. M'malo mwake, idayendetsedwa ndi malamulo osavuta komanso okhwima.
Phunziro lathu lapitalo Zobwereketsa zakunja ku Vietnamese tapereka zitsanzo za njira zake zazikulu. Tigwiritsa ntchito mwayiwu kufotokozera kapangidwe kake mokwanira momwe tingathere ndi zinthu zomwe titha kupezamo.
Monga moyenerera wonenedwa ndi Prof. Rokuro Kono, Vietnamese Chữ Nom amawonetsa ofanana ndi aku Japan Kana ndi Japan Kokuji 字 字. Zotsatirazi ndi zina mwa zitsanzo zomwe adapereka. Mu kojiki Alirezatalischi, kuwerengera kwamatsenga ndi semantic ya zilembo zaku China zomwe zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito Chữ Nôm onse amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wopanga Opalibe Yasumaro. Chifukwa chake, choyimira pamafoni chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mayina oyenera 佐 佐 za / susa / of, kwa / suga / of. Njira yamafoniyi imavomerezedwa kwathunthu mu nyimbo yotchuka kuyambira “Yakumo tatu…” Kuyimira kwa phonetic sikuchitika pakadali pano kupatula mayina ndi nyimbo zoyenera. Ngakhale mu mayina oyenera, njira yamafoni simalandiridwa nthawi zonse 須 佐 之 男 命 命 (hayasusanowo) ikuyimiridwa ndi njira ya semantic kupatula 賀 賀 / susa /, zomwe ndizofala mu zitsanzo zotere Alirezatalischi monga mu (Asinaduti) Alirezatalischi (Inada-ayi Miyanusi) etc. Kupatula zitsanzo ziwiri zomwe zatchulidwazi, Prof. Rokuro Kono Anagwiranso mawuwo izi {ima, molawirira {fazime, Nthawi {TOKi, 雲 {kumo, Nyimbo {uwu, Mulungu {kami, choyamba {kuti. The ayi-i Zithunzi zomwe zidangopangidwa kumene zimapezeka ku Japan ndi Vietnam, mwachitsanzo, giời amapangidwa ndi kuphatikiza mawonekedwe ndipo. Otchulidwa adapanga ku Japan, otchedwa Kokuji (Khalidwe la dzikoMwachitsanzo (tsopano), (kunyoza), 杜 (Mori) ndi zina ... ndizo zomwe zikuchitika mu ayi-i otchulidwa momwe Khalidwe la Nôm, giời.
Ngakhale izi zofananira, Chữ Nom idasunga momwe zidachokera, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pambuyo pake ndi mawonekedwe ake osiyanasiyana.
Zithunzi zaku China zomwe adabwereketsa Chữ Nôm kuyimira morphene amodzi mu Vietnamese angagwiritsidwe ntchito mosasakanikira kapena palimodzi.
I. Chikhalidwe chimodzi chachi China chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira
1) A Vietnamese morphene waku China, komwe kuli kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese ndendende ndi tanthauzo la chikhalidwe chofananira cha Chitchaina.
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina 頭 đầu (mutu), 袄 ndi (kuba, zovala).
2) A Chiwonetsero cha Vietnamese waku China amene adasunga tanthauzo lofanana la Chitchaina koma amene amawerenga Chi Vietnamese chosiyana pang'ono ndi kuwerenga kwa Sino-Vietnamese kofananira kwa Chitchaina.
Ex: + Chikhalidwe cha China lamulo, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: phpa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira Vietnamphe morpheme phpe (lamulo, ulamuliro).
+ Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina mbendera, Kuwerenga kwa Sino-Vietnamese kỳ amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira Vietnamphe morpheme cờ (mbendera).
+ Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina 橋, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: kiều amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira Vietnamphe morpheme cầu (mlatho).
3) A Vietnamese morphene mwina achokera ku China, omwe tanthauzo lake ndi lofanana ndi la Chitchaina lolingana koma amene amawerengera poyerekeza ndi kuwerenga kwa Sino-Vietnamese kosinthika kwa Mtchaina.
Ex: + Khalidwe lachi China 捲, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: quyển amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira Vietnamphe morpheme cuốn (yokulungira).
+ Khalidwe lachi China Buku, Kuwerenga kwa Sino-Vietnamese biyen, bổn amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira Vietnamphe morpheme vốn (likulu, ndalama).
4) A Chiwonetsero cha Vietnamese tanthauzo limodzi lofanana ndi Chitchaina chofananira koma chomwe kuwerenga kwake ndi kosiyana kwambiri ndi kuwerenga kwa Sino-Vietnamese.
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina 役, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: dịch, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira Vietnamese morpheme việc (ntchito, ntchito, ntchito).
5) A Chiwonetsero cha Vietnamese omwe amawerenga kwawo ndi ofanana ndi kuwerenga kwa Sino-Vietnamese komwenso aku China koma tanthauzo lake ndi losiyana kotheratu.
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina 戈, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: qua (mkondo, nthungo) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira Vietnamese morpheme qua (kudutsa).
+ Khalidwe lachi China Ayi, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: một (kusowa pansi pamadzi, kumizidwa) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira Vietnamese morpheme một (chimodzi).
Mu zitsanzo ziwiri izi, kuwerenga kwa Sino-Vietnamese pamunthu waku China ndikofanana ndendende ndikuwerenga kwa morpheme waku Vietnam akuimiridwa.
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina Zhu , Kuwerenga kwa Sino-Vietnamese chu (ofiira, mawonekedwe) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuimira Vietnamphe morpheme Cho (kupereka).
+ Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina 箕, Kuwerenga kwa Sino-Vietnamese ky or cơ (crible, sieve) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira Vietnamese morpheme kia (pamenepo, kuti).
Mu zitsanzo ziwiri zomalizazi, kuwerenga kwa chikhalidwe cha ku China ndi Vietnamese komwe zikufanana ndi kuwerenga kwa mtundu wa Vietnam akuimira.
chotero Chữ Nom monga akuphatikizidwa m'gawo lachiwiri, lachitatu, lachinayi ndi lachisanu pamwambapa Dương Quiyeng Ham17 adaganiziridwa ndi Hồ Ngọc cẩn18 monga a m'gulu lomwelo la Chữ Nom oyimiriridwa ndi zilembo zaku China zomwe kuwerenga kwawo kwa Sino-Vietnamese kumapereka mawu ofanana ndi kuwerenga kwawo kwa Vietnamese.
Pali, malinga ndi chomaliza, milandu ingapo yofanana ndi iyi:
1) Zofanana pakati pa kuwerenga kwa Sino-Vietnamese kwa munthu waku China komanso kuwerengera kwa mtundu umodzi kapena zingapo za Vietnamese kupatula koyamba kophatikiza.
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina 板, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: biyen zitha kuyimira phiyen in Nom.
2) Zofanana kokha ngati syllable yomaliza kapena kungokhala ngati mavumo a vowel kapena kolowa kwa womaliza.
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina 合, itha kuwerengedwa hợp, hạp, hiệp or hộp.
3) Nthawi zina, kuwerenga kwa Sino-Vietnamese kotengera chikhalidwe cha ku China komwe amagwiritsa ntchito kuyimira kakhalidwe ka Vietnamese kosiyana ndi kotsiriza koyambirira komaliza komanso kaphikidwe komaliza.
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina 職, Sino-Vietnamese: chức ingayimirenso, Nom, chắc or giấc.
4) Zofanana zimawerengedwa motere ngakhale pali kusiyana kwamanoni.
Ex: + Chikhalidwe cha China 吟, Sino-Vietnamese monga imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyimira, Nom, ngấm, ngẫm or ngậm.
Kumvetsetsa pamwambapa ndi zitsanzo zina zofananira Chữ Nôm, tiyenera kudziwa omwe makonsonanti oyamba, omwe mavawelo kapena mavomerezo, omwe amasilidwe omaliza a mawu a Sino-Vietnamese olingana ndi munthu waku China komanso ku morpheme waku Vietnam kuti adzaimilidwe Nom kale zimawonedwa ngati zosinthika.
A) Makonsonanti oyambilira amawerengedwa kuti akhoza kusinthidwa kuti akaimire ku Nôm
a) Othandizira oyambira b-, ph-, v-
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina 卜, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: bốc zomwe zikuyimira Nom monga Vietnamese morphemes monga bốc ndi boyi ingayimirenso vốc;
+ Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina 板, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: bnn amathanso kuyimira Nom phnn, b.n or ván.
b) Othandizira oyambira c-, k-, gh-, qu-
Othandizira oyambira c-, k-, gh-, qu- ankakonda kusinthana.
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina ndi, Kuwerenga kwa Sino-Vietnamese cập ingayimirenso, Nom, cấp, gặp or kịp;
+ Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina gulu, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: quần, mulole ayimire lamanzere ku Nôm.
c) Konsonati oyambira d-, t-, v-
Othandizira oyambira d-, t-, v- ankakonda kusinthana.
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina Kugonana, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: tính or tna ingayimirenso dính in Nom;
+ Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina 停, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: .nh ingayimirenso, Nom, @alirezatalischioriginal or đành.
d) Konsonati zoyambirira ch-, gi- ndi pafupipafupi tr-, x-
Othandizira oyambira ch-, gi- ndi pafupipafupi tr-, x- ankakonda kusinthana.
Ex: + Chikhalidwe cha China 執, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: zovuta ingayimirenso, Nom, Chup, giúp, xup, or x p.
e) Othandizira oyambira l-, r-, tr-
Othandizira oyambira l-, r-, tr- ankakonda kusinthana.
Ex: + Khalidwe lachi China 律, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: luật ingayimirenso, Nom, lọt, luột, izi, rọt or trot.
B) Zilembo zomwe zimawerengedwa ngati zosinthana pakuyimira mu Chữ nôm
a) ác, ắc, ấc, ức, čớc
ác, ắc, ấc, ức, čớc kale zinali zosinthika.
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina kumpoto, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: Kumpoto ingayimirenso, Nom, b;c, bực or sitepe.
b) ach, ếch, iếc, chik
ach, ếch, iếc, chik kale zinali zosinthika.
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina 役, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: dịch ingayimirenso việc in Nom;
+ Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina Kufiyira, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: x ndi, ingayimirenso, Nom, xếch or xệch.
c) ai, ay, â,, wai, oay, uây, oi, ôi, ơi, uôi, ươi, ui, ưi, e, ê, i, ia ndipo nthawizina .a
ai, ay, â,, wai, oay, uây, oi, ôi, ơi, uôi, ươi, ui, ưi, e, ê, i, ia ndipo nthawizina .a zimatha kusintha.
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina Thandizo, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: Tikaganizira ingayimirenso Chia in Nom;
+ Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina 皮, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: bì ingayimirenso, Nom, bề or vừa.
d) am, ăm, âm, em, êm, im, iem, om, ôm, ơm, um, ươm
am, ăm, âm, em, êm, im, iem, om, ôm, ơm, um, ươm kale zinali zosinthika.
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina 冘, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: .am ingayimirenso, Nom, ââm, .em or đơm.
e) an, ăn, ân, en, ên, iên, uyên, mu, uân, pa, ôn, ươn, ơn, un, ưn, uôn
an, ăn, ân, en, ên, iên, uyên, mu, uân, pa, ôn, ươn, ơn, un, ưn, uôn kale zinali zosinthika.
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina 鄰, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: Alireza idagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyimira Lăn in Nom.19
f) ăng, âng, ung, ương
ăng, âng, ung, ương kale zinali zosinthika.
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina Bolodi, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: positi idagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyimira, Nom, dâng or chừng.
g) uwu, ung ndipo nthawizina ưng
uwu, uwu ndipo nthawi zina ưng anali osinthika.
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina za, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: dụng idagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyimira, Nom, gawo, ndowe.
h) anh, ênh, inh, iêng, ưng
anh, ênh, inh, iêng, ưng kale zinali zosinthika.
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina Bereka, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: sinh or sanh idagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyimira monga in Nom.
i) ao, au, âu, o, ô, ơ, u, ư, ưa, ưu
ao, au, âu, o, ô, ơ, u, ư, ưa, ưu kale zinali zosinthika.
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina 牢, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: lao idagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati hsiai-shêng kuyimira lao, lau, trao or Alireza.
j) ap, ăp, âp, ep, êp, iêp, ip, op, ôp, ơp, mmwamba, ưp, ươp
ap, ăp, âp, ep, êp, iêp, ip, op, ôp, ơp, mmwamba, ưp, ươp anali osinthika.
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina ndi, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: cập idagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyimira, Nom, gặp, gấp or kịp.
k) pa, ăt, ât, uất, ot, ôt, ơt, ut, ưt, ươt, uôt,
pa, ăt, ât, uất, ot, ôt, ơt, ut, ưt, ươt, uôt, anali osinthika.
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina 乙, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: ât idagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyimira Nom, ắt, ku or it.
l) et, êt, iêt, icho
et, êt, iêt, icho anali osinthika.
Ex.: + Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina 歇, Kuwerenga Sino-Vietnamese: hiết idagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyimira Nom hết or izi.
NB: Kuchokera pazitsanzo pamwambapa, tikuwona zingapo Chữ Nom zinapangidwa posintha makonsonati oyamba okha, komanso masilabo omaliza ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale matoni.
Ex.: + ndi ikhoza kuwerengedwa cập, gặp, kịp or kpa; ikhoza kuwerengedwa monga, ngắm or gẫm.
… Pitilizani mu gawo 3…
ONANI ZAMBIRI:
◊ CHỮ NÔM kapena Buku Lakale Lachi Vietnamese Ndi Zakale Zakale za Zolemba za Vietnamese - Gawo 3.
◊ CHỮ NÔM kapena Buku Lakale Lachi Vietnamese Ndi Zakale Zakale za Zolemba za Vietnamese - Gawo 1.
zolemba:
15 Nguyễn Khắc-Kham,Zobwereketsa zakunja ku Vietnamese”, Area and Culture Study, No 19, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, 1969 mas. 142-175.
16 Kono Rokuro,Zolemba zaku China komanso momwe zimakhudzira malembo a anthu oyandikira omwe ali ndi mbiri yapadera ku Korea ndi Japan”, Maumboni a Idipatimenti Yochita kafukufuku ku Toyo Bunko (Laibulale ya Kum'mawa) Ayi 27. The Toyo Bunko, Tokyo, 1969. mas. 117-123., 一 要 解 國國 [Momwe mungadziwire nokha], 國 文法 辭典, 文學 博士 氵 尺 幸 吉 監 監 參, 參 瀨 男 東京, 東京 堂 出版, tsamba 66.
17 Dương Quảng Hàm, "Le chữ nôm ou écriture démotique. Mwana kufunika dans l'étude de l'ancienne littérature Annamite", Bulletin de l'Instruction Publique de l'Indochine No 7, Mars 1942. NB Mwa zitsanzo za gulu ili lachinayi la chữ nôm, Dương Quảng Hàm anagwiranso mawu osonyeza chidwi, kuwerenga kwa Sino-Vietnamese: vị (fungo, kukoma) ngati akugwiritsidwa ntchito polemba Vietnamese morpheme m .i. Komabe, wolemba uyu amaganiza kuti mwina Chitchainicho chidawerengedwa m .i waku Vietnamese kutangoyamba kumene kwa mzera wachipembedzo wa China T'ang potengera kuwerenga kwa China. (cf. H. Maspero, "Quelques mots Annamites d'origine Chinoise" BEFEO, palibe 3, 1916, masamba 35-39). Mwakutero zitha kukhala chữ Nom lomwe deti lawo linali zisanachitike zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu.
18 RP Hồ Ngọc Cẩn, Văn chương An Nam, Littérature Annamite, Imprimerie de la Société des Missions Etrangères, Hong Kong, 1933. mas. 162-166.
19 Chitsanzochi chimaperekedwa ndi 竃 wolemba m'malo mwake, malinga Ngồc Cẩn, adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira ku nôm rnn, Alireza or kulira.
BAN Lachiwiri THƯ
03 / 2020
zolemba:
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◊ Gwero: Institute of Sino-Nom maphunziro.