Mitundu ya MALAMULO ATSIKU ATSOGOLO kudzera mu ZOPHUNZITSA ZOPHUNZIRA
Kumenya: 644
Panthawi ya kusinthika kwa anthu kuchokera m'mbiri yakale yakale, maufumu amphamvu ku East (Mongolia, China,…) kapena Kumadzulo (Roma, Greece,…) nthawi zonse amafuna kugonjetsa mayiko osauka mkati kapena kunja kwa chigawo kuti akwaniritse malingaliro awo amfumu.
Komanso, m'mbiri ya chisinthiko m'mbiri zamakono komanso zamakono, mayiko otukuka a Western adapanga zofufuza zamakono (magetsi, nthunzi, zombo, zida) adapeza njira zawo kuti alande mayiko otukuka Kum'mawa ndikuwapezerera ngati madera akutumizira demokalase ndi capitalism.
Panthawi ya chisinthiko, Vietnam [Việt Nam] idakhala cholinga chofuna kutchukidwa ”.
Choncho, Chitukuko cha Vietnamese zidakhudzidwa ndi chitukuko chochuluka kuchokera ku China, Japan, India, Europe, United States.
Kuchokera m'mafuko omwe adabwereka chilankhulo ndi chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina kuti apangitse chikhalidwe cha mtunduwo nthawi yakale yapakatikati, m'mbiri yamakono komanso yamakono (kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19), Vietnam [Việt Nam] anasintha kugwiritsa ntchito malembedwe achi Latin ku China1 ku East Asia: Nam [Nam] (Vietnam), Dong (Korea South), Yamato (Japan),….
Kuyambira kale mpaka mbiri yamakono (mpaka asitikali aku France adakhazikitsa ulamuliro wawo ku Vietnam kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19), dongosolo la maphunziro azikhalidwe mu Vietnam [Việt Nam] idakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi maziko a Confucian kwazaka masauzande ambiri.
Chifukwa chake, kuphunzitsa gulu lolamulira kuti lithandizire kuteteza ndi kukulitsa machitidwe olamulira, njira yophunzitsira yomwe agwiritsa ntchito Vietnam [Việt Nam] kupeza talente sikunali kosiyana ndi mtundu waku China.
Pofuna kudziwa za nkhaniyi, titha kukambirana mwachidule pazinthu zoyambira monga izi:
Mtundu wa Vietnamese posachedwa adaganizira njira zophunzitsira kusankha anthu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito anthu aluso kuti alandire ufumuwo kapena kuti asinthe mphamvu ndi kusintha kwandale.
Posankha atsogoleri amu khothi lanyumbayi, panali njira ziwiri:
The njira yoyamba ikusankha molingana ndi zopereka zanu ndi zoyenera zanu kapena mamembala achifumu. Anthu osankhidwa ndi njirayi sanadutsemo maphunziro. Njira imeneyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito zaka za zana la 16 zisanachitike.
The njira yachiwiri ndi maphunziro aukadaulo. Mamembala am'banja lachifumu omwe anali atsogoleri ankhondo amaphunzitsidwa kuti apititse patsogolo maphunziro ophunzitsa zankhondo. Giang Vo [Giáºng Võ] Sukulu inali sukulu yoyamba ya masewera andewu nthawi imeneyo.
Giang Vo [Giáºng Võ] Sukulu idapangidwa Tran [Bare] Mzera1253). Anali malo oti atsogoleri ankhondo komanso mamembala achifumu azichita masewera andewu pamasankhidwe. Kuchokera ku sukulu ya masewera andewu iyi, buku la Ankhondo lidalembedwa, lomwe lidali zolembalemba pazomwe zidachitika kunkhondo zenizeni.
Chifukwa chake, akatswiri ambiri otchuka omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa anapezeka nthawi ya Tran [Bare] Mzera.
Komabe, banja lililonse linali ndi zosankha zawo. Kuyambira koyambirira Le [Le] Mzera986,, kusankha kwa ankhondo kunali kokhazikika pakulimbitsa thupi (matupi athanzi) kapena zisangalalo (masewera andewu akuchita).
The Le [Le] mafumu anali ndi njira yawo yosankhira. Mpaka kulamulira kwa Le Du Tong [Lê Dụ TÃ'ng] (dzina la nthawi ndi Bao Thai [Bảo Thái]), zisankho zidayenderana ndi nthawi ya Duong, Tong, Thanh [Ä Æ°á»ng, Tá»'ng, Thanh] (A Trinh Cuong [Mweemba Cường] ulamuliro), yomwe idatsata njira yapadziko lonse lapansi panthawi yomwe China idagwiritsa ntchito, dziko lamphamvu lokhala ndi gawo lalikulu, makamaka ku East Asia (Japan, Korea, Vietnam).
Pambuyo pake, mayeso oyamba okonzekera masewera andewu adayamba Giang Vo [Giáºng Võ] Sukulu mu 1721 (chaka chachiwiri mu ulamuliro wa Bao Thai [Bảo Thái]). Panali ma mandarins otchedwa uwu thu [giáo th] (mandarin oyang'anira maphunziro mtawuni) yemwe adayang'anira maphunziro a masewera andewu kwa mandarin ndi pulogalamu inayake yotchedwa Military Classics.
Mpaka kulamulira kwa Le Du Tong [Lê Dụ TÃ'ng] (1721) kuti njira yatsopano yophunzitsira idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi aliyense, mwanjira yomwe timatcha kuti socialization masiku ano. Ndi izi [Koma học] kotero, ofesi ya maphunziro a masewera andewu (likulu Thang Long [Thăng Long]) anali kuyang'aniridwa ndi mandarin wodalirika.
Kuyambira pamenepo, malamulo ndi malamulo apamwamba a masewera andewu adakhazikitsidwa, mosamalitsa posankha ma mandarin a mabuku.
Pomwe mpikisano wamabuku udakonzedwa m'magulu atatu a "thi hui, thi hoi, thi dinh"[thi hương, thi hội, ri đình] (kuyang'anira zigawo, kuyezetsa mzinda, kuyesedwa kukhoti lachifumu), mpikisano wa masewera andewu unachitika pamiyeso iwiri yokha. Gawo loyamba linali Chifukwa chake [Sở cá»] (ali Huong [anh Hương]); Gawo lachiwiri linali Bac cu [Bă¡c cá»] (thandi chandi [thi Hội]).
Mpikisano wake udali wokhwimitsa kotero wandakatulo Tran Te Xuong [Kuchotsa Tế Xương] anali ndi zovuta m'mayeso ake. Adafuula nati:
Kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu sakanatha kuphwanya malamulo a mayeso [Tám năm không khỏi phạm trường quy].
Malamulowo adagwiritsidwa ntchito mosamalitsa pamipikisano ya mabuku komanso masewera andewu. Mndandanda wa malamulo nthawi zambiri umatha kuwoneka kunja kwa sukulu kuti ophunzira athe kudziwa. H. Oger adalemba zomwe zili m'malamulo koma Han Nom [Ine N'm] zotchingira nkhuni zinali zochepa kwambiri kuti zisafotokozedwe (chithunzi). Ponena za mpikisano wa masewera andewu, lamulo loyamba silinali kubweretsa mabuku. Komabe, nthawi zina mabuku ankakopedwa m'miyeso yaying'ono pa masamba a nkhokwe (masiku ano ophunzira amagwiritsanso ntchito makope ang'onoang'ono omwe amatchedwa phao [kubera mayeso]).
ZINDIKIRANI:
1: LÉON VANDERMEERSCH, Le nouveau monde sinisé, Paris: Seuil, 1985.
◊ Chithunzi - Gwero: Nguyễn Mạnh Hùng mu "Kỹ thuật của người An Nam" (Amisiri du peuple Annamite) of H. Oger ku Hanoi (1908 -1909)
BAN TU THU
11 / 2019
ONANI ZAMBIRI:
◊ Ogulitsa ndi Mfuti