Dziko Loyera la Maphunziro a Vietnam

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AN DƯƠNG VƯƠNG (257 BC-179 BC, wazaka 78)

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     AN DƯƠNG VƯƠNG (257 BC-179 BC, Zaka 78) anali mfumu komanso wolamulira yekhayo wa ufumu wa Âu Lạc, dziko lakale kwambiri lokhazikitsidwa mu Red River Delta. Monga mtsogoleri wa Mitundu ya Việt, adagonjetsa omaliza Hùng mfumu wa boma la Văn Lang ndipo adagwirizanitsa anthu ake - omwe amadziwika kuti Lạc Việt - ndi anthu ake the Ndi Việt. A Dương Vương adathawa ndipo adadzipha nkhondo itatha Asitikali aku Nanyue mu 179 BCE.

Wambiri

Origin

       Tzonena za chiwerengerochi ndi "mitambo”Popeza zokhazokha zomwe zimalembedwa ndi zolembedwa ndi dzina lake, lomwe likuwoneka kuti limamuphatikiza ndi dziko lakale la Shu mu zomwe zilipo tsopano Sichuan, wogonjetsedwa ndi Mzera wa Qin mu 316 BCE.1,2 Umu ndimo analinso malingaliro achikhalidwe a Chinese ndi Olemba mbiri achi Vietnamese. Komabe, pali zovuta zina zomwe zimakhalapo povomereza malingaliro achikhalidwechi.3 Mbiri zambiri kuphatikiza Zolemba za Madera Akunja a chigawo cha Jiao,4 Ệi Việt sử lược, Ệi Việt sử ký toàn thư ananena kuti anali Shu kalonga (ms. "蜀 王 子", tanthauzo lenileni: "mwana wa mfumu ya Shu"), Koma sanathe kufotokoza ndendende chiyambi chake. Olemba mbiri yakale pambuyo pake anali ndi malingaliro osakwanira. Mu Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục, olembawo anafotokoza kukayikira kwawo Chiyambi cha King An Dương Vương, akunena kuti sizingatheke Shu kalonga kuwoloka mamailosi zikwizikwi, kudutsa m'nkhalango, ambiri akuti adzaukira Văn Lang.5 Mu 1963, mwambo wapakamwa wa Anthu in Wamtali ngati wotchedwa "Muli ndi vuto”Zinalembedwa. 1,6 Malinga ndi nkhaniyi, kumapeto kwa Mafumu a Hồng Bàng, kunali ufumu wotchedwa Nam Cương (anayatsamalire akum'mwera") M'masiku ano Wamtali ngati ndi Guangxi.1 Munali zigawo 10, momwe Mfumuyo idakhala pakatikati (masiku ano m'chigawo cha Cao BằngMadera ena asanu ndi anayi anali m'manja mwa ambuye asanu ndi anayi.7 pamene Abambo a King An Dương Vương (Chụ Chế 蜀 制) adamwalira, akadali mwana; komabe, luntha lake lidamuthandiza kukhalabe pampando wachifumu ndipo ambuye onse adadzipereka. Nam Cương adakulirakulirabe Văn Lang adafooka.1,6 Pambuyo pake, adalowa Văn Lang ndipo adayambitsa dziko la Ạu Lạc. Nkhaniyi imathandizidwa ndi zotsalira zambiri, zotsalira ndi mayina amalo mu Chigawo cha Cao Bằng. Malingaliro onena za komwe amakhala monga wokhalamo awonekeranso munkhani zosiyanasiyana, zolembetsa, zopembedza komanso zokumbukira.

Maziko a ạu Lạc

      Pzopusa kwa Ulamuliro waku China m'chigawochi, kumpoto ndi kumpoto chapakati ku Vietnam anali akulamulidwa ndi Lạc mafumu (Mafumu a Hùng) omwe adatumikiridwa ndi Lạc hầu ndi Lạc tướng.8 Pafupifupi 257 BCE, adalandidwa ndi Ệu Việt dziko la Nam Cương, omwe amakhala kumwera chakumwera kwa Mtsinje wa Zuo, ngalande ya Inu Mtsinje ndi dera lomwe lili kumtunda kwa Mtsinje wa Lô, Mtsinje wa Gâmndipo Mtsinje wa Cầu.9,10 Mtsogoleri wa Ndi Việt, THỤC PHÁN, adalanda omaliza Mafumu a Hùng, ndipo adagwirizanitsa maufumu awiriwa pansi pa dzina la Ạu Lạc, akudzilengeza yekha Mfumu An Dương (Ndi Dương Vương).1

Ntchito yomanga Cổ Loa Citadel

     KIng ANTHU a DƯƠNG adakhazikitsa likulu la ạu Lạc in Tây Vu, kumene kumangidwa linga lolimba, lodziŵika m'mbiri yakale monga Chifukwa Loa.11 Unali malo oyamba andale a Chitukuko cha Vietnamese nthawi ya Sinitic isanachitike,12 ndichotchinga chakunja chomata mahekitala 600,13,14 amodzi mwa malo akale kwambiri okhala Asia.15 DzinaloChifukwa Loa”Ndi Sino-Vietnamese kuwerenga 古 螺 ( Chinese Middle (ZS) kuX-luɑ > Chitchainizi Chokhazikika: Gǔ Luo), kutanthauza "Conch Wakale“. Malinga ndi Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư, nyumbayi ili ngati mphonje,16 kuwonetsa nyumba zazitali zazitali zokhala ndi mipanda yolimba komanso ngalande.17

       Tzochitika zomwe zimakhudzana ndikumanga kwa nyumba yachifumu yozungulirayi zakumbukiridwa mu nthano ya kamba wagolide. Malinga ndi nthano iyi, pomwe nyumbayi imamangidwa, ntchito zonse zomwe zimachitika masana zidasinthidwa modabwitsa usiku ndi gulu la mizimu yomwe ikufuna kubwezera mwana wamfumu wakale.18 Mizimu yakomweko idatsogoleredwa ndi nkhuku yoyera yazaka chikwi yomwe ili pafupi Phiri la Tam Đảo. Kenako Mfumuyo idafukiza zonunkhira, kupemphera, ndikuwonetsa milungu kuti imuthandize. Poyankha pempho lake, kamba wamkulu wagolide adatuluka mwadzidzidzi m'madzi, adagonjetsa nkhuku yoyera, ndikumuteteza mpaka nyumbayo idamalizidwa. Atachoka, adapereka chikhadabo chake chimodzi ndikulangiza a King kuti achigwiritse ntchito ngati choyatsira utawaleza, ndikutsimikiza kuti ndi ichi sichingagonjetsedwe.

       KIng DƯƠNG adatumizidwa Cao Lỗ (kapena Cao Thông) kupanga utawaleza ndikuubatiza "Crossly Crossbow ya Claw Wagolide Wowala Kwambiri"(nỏthần), Mfuti imodzi ingaphe amuna 300.8,18 Malinga ndi wolemba mbiri KW Taylor, utawaleza, limodzi ndi liwu loti, zimawoneka kuti zidalowetsedwa China kuchokera Anthu aku Austroasiatic kum'mwera m'zaka za zana lachitatu kapena lachinayi BCE.18 Posakhalitsa idakhala gawo la Zida zaku China; chida chake chokhoza kupirira chimatha kulimbana ndi kuthamanga kwambiri komanso kumasula muvi mwamphamvu kuposa mtundu wina uliwonse wamtundu. Njira ziwiri zoyambira mkuwa zidafukulidwa Vietnam; Njira zambiri mwina zimapangidwa ndi nsungwi.

Nkhondo ndi Nanyue

      In 204 BCE, mu Panyu (tsopano Guangzhou), ZHAO TUO, a mbadwa ya Zhending,19,20 mu dziko la Zhao (masiku ano Hebei), adakhazikitsa ufumu wa Nanyue.21 TAYLOR (1983) amakhulupirira panthawi yomwe Nanyue ndi Ạu Lạc analipo, Ạu Lạc adavomereza kwakanthawi suzerainty ya Nanyue, koma m'malo motanthauza izi Nanyue zinali ndi mphamvu zenizeni pa iwo, izi zimangoyimira zawo Mgwirizano wotsutsana ndi Han. Monga ubale wamtendere ndi Han anabwezeretsedwa, Mphamvu ya Nanyue pa Ạu Lạc zatha. Ankhondo Zhao Tuo anali atapanga kutsutsana ndi Han inali kupezeka tsopano kuti igwiritse ntchito polimbana ndi Ạu Lạc.22

      Ttsatanetsatane wa msonkhanowu sunalembedwe moyenera. Zhao TuoZobwerera m'mbuyomu ndikupambana motsutsana Mfumu An Dương adatchulidwa mu Zolemba za Madera Akunja a chigawo cha Jiao.4 Zolemba za Wolemba Mbiri Wamkulu sanatchulepo chilichonse Mfumu An Duong kapena Kugonjetsa kwa Zhao Tuo ku Âu Lạc; pambuyo pake Kumwalira kwa Mfumukazi Lü (180 BCE), ZHAO TUO adagwiritsa ntchito asitikali ake kuwopseza ndikugwiritsa ntchito chuma kupereka ziphuphu kwa Minyu, ndi Kumadzulo OuNdipo Luo kugonjera.23 Komabe, kampeniyo idalimbikitsa nthano yomwe mutu wake ndikutumiza utawaleza woyambitsa kamba Mfumu An Duong ku Zhao Tuo. Malinga ndi nthano iyi, kukhala ndi utawaleza kunapereka mphamvu zandale: "Yemwe ali ndi mphamvu yogwira utawalezawa amalamulira dera; iye amene sangathe kugwira thonje ili adzawonongeka. "24,25,26

       UAtachita bwino pankhondo, ZHAO TUO adafunsa kuti atumizane ndikutumiza mwana wawo wamwamuna Zhong Shi kugonjera Mfumu An Dương kumutumikira.27,25 Pamenepo, iye ndi Mwana wamkazi wa King An Duong, MỴ CHÂU, adakondana ndipo adakwatirana.25,28 Chotsalira cha gulu lanyumba chimafuna kuti mwamunayo azikhala m'nyumba yabanja la mkazi wake.29 Zotsatira zake, amakhala ku Khothi la a Duong mpaka Zhong Shi adakwanitsa kupeza zinsinsi ndipo Njira za King An Dương.29 nthawiyi, King DUONG wothandizidwa Cao Lỗ mopanda ulemu, ndipo adamusiya.30

       ZHONG SHI anali Mỵ Chau muwonetseni utawaleza wopatulika, pomwepo adasintha chinsinsi chake, ndikulepheretsa mphamvu zake ndikupanga zopanda pake.28 Kenako adapempha kuti abwerere kwa abambo ake, omwe adayambanso kuwukira Ạu Lạc ndipo nthawi ino adagonjetsedwa Mfumu An Dương.29 Mbiri imalemba kuti, pakugonjetsedwa kwake, Mfumuyo idalumphira munyanja kuti idziphe. M'masinthidwe ena, adauzidwa ndi kamba wonena za kuperekedwa kwa mwana wawo wamkazi ndikupha mwana wawo wamkazi chifukwa cha chinyengo asanadziphe yekha. Nthano, komabe, imawulula kuti kamba wagolide adatuluka m'madzi ndikumutsogolera kudera lamadzi.25 Palinso miyambo yoti King adathawira kumwera mpaka masiku ano Chigawo cha Nghệ, Kumanga nyumba yachifumu yatsopano ndipo analamulira mpaka imfa yake.31

        From zofukulidwa m'mabwinja a Chifukwa Loa, ndizotheka kuti ukadaulo wankhondo wochokera ku Mayiko Omenyera anali atasamutsidwa kuderalo ndi zida zingapo zofananira ndi ankhondo amakono mu China, kutanthauza kuti utawaleza wachilengedwe mwina unali mtundu wa "gulu lankhondo latsopano”Ophunzitsidwa ndi kulamulidwa ndi Cao Thong, yomwe inalisikugwiranso ntchito”Popanda malangizo ake.32

Cholowa

     Volemba mbiri aku Vietnam Nthawi zambiri amawona zochitika zikuluzikulu za nthawi ino ngati zomwe zimayambira m'mbiri. Komabe kumasulira ndi kuyanjanitsa kwa mbiriyakale kwakhazikitsidwa, ndipo nthawi zina kutsutsana ndi Mbiri yakumasulira kwa mbiriyakale ya Soviet.33 The likulu la King An Dương, CỔ LOA, linali likulu loyamba lazandale ku Chitukuko cha Vietnamese nthawi ya Sinitic isanachitike.12 Tsambali lili ndi zigawo ziwiri zakunja ndi linga mkati, zamakona anayi. Makolowo amakhala ndi mitsinje ingapo, kuphatikizapo Mtsinje wa Hoang Giang ndi netiweki yamadzi yomwe idapereka Chifukwa Loa ndi chitetezo ndi kuyenda.34 Kim akuti anthu a Co Loa mwina kuyambira 5,000 mpaka pafupifupi 10,000 okhala.35

Zothandizira

  1. TAYLOR 1983, p. 19.
  2. TERRY F. KLEEMAN 1998, p. 24.
  3. O'HARROW 1979, p. 148.
  4. Monga tafotokozera mu Ndemanga ya Li Daoyuan pa Classic madzi, Vol. 37
  5. Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục (欽 定 越 史 通 鑑 綱 目 目)
  6. LEMBA LA ANH 2016, p. 30.
  7. LEMBA LA ANH 2016, p. 29.
  8. KELLEY 2014, p. 88.
  9. LEMBA LA ANH 2016, p. 31.
  10. DEMATTÈ 2015, p. 622-624.
  11. TAYLOR 2013, p. 14.
  12. MIKSIC & YIAN 2016, p. 111.
  13. MIKSIC & YIAN 2016, p. 156.
  14. KIM, LAI NDI TRINH 2010, p. 1013.
  15. KIM 2020, tsa. 231.
  16. NGÔ SĨ LIÊN et al., Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư "Ndi Dương Vương”Mawu akuti:“ 王 於 是 築 城 于 越 裳 ， 廣 千 丈 ， 盤 旋 如 螺 形 故 號 螺 城 ”tr:“Kenako Mfumuyi idamanga nyumba yachifumu ku Việt Thường, zokulirapo-zhàng zokulirapo, zakuzungulirazungulira ngati mawonekedwe a kanyumba. Chifukwa chake, amatchedwa Conch Citadel. "
  17. KIERNAN, BEN (2017). Việt Nam: mbiri kuyambira nthawi zakale kwambiri mpaka pano. Oxford University Press. p. 34.
  18. TAYLOR 1983, p. 21.
  19. WATSON 1961, p. 239.
  20. YU 1986, masamba 451-452.
  21. LOEWE 1986, p. 128.
  22. TAYLOR 1983, p. 24.
  23. WATSON 1961, p. 241.
  24. NAM C. KIM 2015, p. 5.
  25. TAYLOR 1983, p. 25.
  26. GEORGE E. DUTTON 2006, p. 70.
  27. KUYAMBIRA 2001, p. 193.
  28. KELLEY 2014, p. 89.
  29. TAYLOR 2013, p. 15.
  30. TAYLOR 2013, p. 16.
  31. TAYLOR 1983, p. 317.
  32. TAYLOR 2013, tsamba 16-17.
  33. PATRICIA M. PELELE - Postcolonial Vietnam: Mbiri Zatsopano Zakale - Tsamba 50 2002 “omwe amadalira kwambiri ntchito ya Lenin - makamaka Trần Quốc Vượng, Hà Văn Tấn, ndi Phan Huy Lê - adafalitsa maphunziro awiri osokonekera, Primitive Communism ndi The History of Feudalism, pomwe adasiyira ... chikominisi choyambirira kupita kumayiko ena. Mouziridwa ndi zomwe Lenin adanenazi pokhudza mayiko achi Slavic, olemba mbiri ku yunivesiteyo adanenetsa kuti kuyambira ndi mafumu a Hùng komanso ufumu wa Văn Lang… mkati mwa ulamuliro wa An Dương Vương, yemwe amalamulira ufumu wa Âu Lạc, komanso magawo oyambilira a Kulanda ku China (kuyambira 2879 BC mpaka 43 AD, mwanjira ina) Gulu lachi Vietnamese lidakhazikitsidwa pachikominisi choyambirira "
  34. HIGHAM 1996, p. 122.
  35. KIM 2015, p. 219-220.

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zolemba :
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