ZIPANGIZO ZA ANTHU OLEMBEDWA - Gawo 1: Kodi zikalata izi zidapezeka bwanji ndikupatsidwa dzina?

Kumenya: 549

(ZOKHUDZA KWAMBIRI DU PEUPLE ANNAMITE)
by HENRI OGER
French Orientalist wa Annamese People

Kufotokozera:  Zambiri pazazinthu, zamaganizidwe ndi moyo wa uzimu.
Ndiko: a Encyclopaedia za zonse zida, ziwiya, manja, kuthamangitsa, masilabo ndi malingaliro of moyo ndi zamanja of anthu a Tonkinese-Annamese .

Phatikizani Pulofesa, Dokotala wa Mbiri MANH HUNG NGUYEN
Dzina la Nick: Akavalo onyamula katundu kumudzi waku yunivesite
Cholembera: Chikumbu

1.1 KODI LAMULO LA MISONKHANO LINAKHUDZANSO BWANJI?

      1.1.1 Mu likulu la mzinda wa Hanoi, kuyambira zaka za m'ma 50 ndi 60, ojambula ojambula odziwika angapo monga Nguyễn Đỗ Cung, Trần Văn C etcn ndi ena ... ndipo akatswiri ena achichepere ayamba kutchera khutu matabwa ambiri, omwe akwaniritsidwa koyambirira kwa zaka makumi awiri, zomwe zili m'mipukutu yomwe anthu omwe atchulidwa kale adayamba kuchita kafukufuku wofufuza ndikuphunzira. Pambuyo pake, mabungwe osiyanasiyana ofufuza monga: Institute of History, Art Institute, Institute for the Compilation of Encyclopaedias, South- East-Asia Institute, Chinese and Chinesetranscribed Vietnamese Institute, Language Institute etc ... Lumikizanani ndi seti yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa.

     Mumzinda wakale wa Saigon, mwina cha m'ma 60, Archaeological Institute ndi ofufuza angapo adadziwa ndikuyesera kuphunzira za mabuku oyambilira, makamaka m'ma 70, pomwe anthu adawona kudulidwa kwamatabwa komwe kwatchulidwa kale pansi pa mutu wa "Chi Vietnamese Woodcuts, kumayambiriro kwa makumi awiri Zaka zana limodzi. ” (1).

     1.1.2 Ku Paris, mu Epulo 1978, Social Sciences Review (Paris) adasindikiza yomwe inali ndi mutu wa “Folk Art kudzera pa 650 Chatsopano Ndachotsa Matabwa ” (2).

     Patadutsa miyezi iwiri, chiwonetsero chidakonzedwa ku Cultural House of the Town of Bourges (France) okhala ndi zilembo zazikulu mutu wake: "Akatswiri ojambula aku Vietnam" (3).

     1.1.3 Kutsatira nkhaniyi ndi Chiwonetsero cha magazini angapo achi Vietnamese akunja kupitilizabe kupititsa patsogolo matabwawo, ndipo magazini ya Art Study ku Hanoi idasindikizanso nkhaniyi (nkhani Ayi. 4/78).

  Mu 1985, magazini ya Vietnamese Social Sciences Committee “Buku lazithunzithunzi Kudziwa ” anali atayambitsa zojambula 351 ndi mutu waukulu: “Encyclopaedia mu Zithunzi” - yotengedwa kuchokera "Chikhalidwe cha Vietnamese Zothandiza Adv. - Woodcuts yodziwika ndi Anonymous Artists koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20. (4).

     Posachedwa, pamagazini yake Yophukira mchaka "Mậu Thìn" (Chaka cha Chinjoka), ndi "Đất Việt" (Magazini ya Vietnamese Land ya Association of Vietnamese yomwe ikukhala ku Canada idagwiritsa ntchito zidutswa zisanu ndi zitatuzi kuti afotokozere zolemba zake pa Tết ndi mawu awa: "Posachedwa anatola nkhuni m'zaka za zana la 20 ”, ndipo pakadali pano, nambala ina ya magazini imasamaliranso timatabwa tomwe timayeserera.

     Kuphatikiza apo, tawona matchuni awiri omwe akuwonetsa njati mu iliyonse ya iwo, omwe adasankhidwa kuchokera pazomwe adalemba ndikufalitsidwa mumagazini kuti akhale ngati fanizo la nkhani yotchedwa: "The njati zaluso zojambula ndi zojambula ” (5).

     Chofunika chidwi ndi buku lomwe likufotokozera chikhalidwe chathu (6) momwe m'mafanizo 26 mwa 30 amenewo mwapangidwa pambuyo pa zomwe zalembedwazi.

     1.1.4  Poyambirira, tikuwona kuti, ngakhale zidalemba izi zidayambitsidwa nthawi zosiyanasiyana komanso m'malo osiyanasiyana, sizinayambitsidwe zonse zofanana. Chifukwa chake, mfundoyi tsopano ikubweretsa mafunso ambiri omwe amafunikira mayankho ena:

     a. Kodi ndizowona kuti atatha kuzindikira kuti zatha zaka zopitilira theka, tsogolo la chuma chamtundu wa anthu aku Vietnam "layamba kutayika - mwinanso kusowa ndikuwonekeranso - pazomwe zikuchitika" kuchokera ku Hanoi (m'ma 50) kupita ku Saigon (itatha 1954) ndipo kenako “wasowonekeranso patali kwina komwe sikudziwika” (Paris-pambuyo pa 1975)?

     b. Kodi ndizolondola kuti kudula matabwa m'ndandanda iyi ndi ya zojambula zatsopano - zosiyana ndi zomwe zimadziwika mumudzi wa Đông Hồ kapena mumsewu wa Hàng Trống - kapena kudula uku nkhuni. "mtundu wa zaluso"Kapena"mtundu wina wa kafukufuku wasayansi"Osadziwika?

     Mwinanso, pakukula kwa kabuku kakang'ono koyambitsa, sitiyenera kupita kwathunthu kuzinthu zonsezi.afotokozereni ndendende momwe aliri", Kuti mupewe kuwapatsa iwo"mfundo zachilendo”Mwakutero“kuvulaza nzeru zawo zapamwamba zasayansi"

_______
(1NGUYỄN KHẮC NGỮ - "Chi Vietnamese Woodcuts chakumayambiriro kwa 20 Zaka zana ” - Magazini ya Expounder - kuyambira pa nambala 1 mpaka 10 mu 1970.

(2PHẠM NGỌC TUẤN - Folk Art kudzera mu 650 Woodcuts omwe atulutsidwa kumene - Social Sciences Review, Paris, nambala 4/78.

(3) PHẠM NGỌC TUẤN - Ojambula Osauka aku Vietnam - Chiwonetsero ku Nyumba Yachikhalidwe m'tawuni ya Bourges (France) kuyambira Juni 10, 1978 mpaka Julayi 30, 1978, yokonzedwa ndi Association of Vietnamese omwe amakhala ku France, akugwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi Museum of Man.

(4M'magazini nambala 3, 4, ndi 5, 1985 ndikutulutsa nambala 1, Okutobala 1985 (kupatukana.

(5) NGUYỄN QUÂN - Njati yopanda luso pazojambula ndi zosema - Magazini ya Vietnamese Literature - nkhani ya Tết Ất Sửu (Chaka cha Buffalo) (1985), p.12.

(6) NGUYỄN THỤ - Mafanizo a seti ya mabuku a Folk Songs and Poems of the Vietnamese People - A National Culture Palace (gawo 4) lolembedwa ndi NGUYỄN TẤN LONG ndi PHAN CANH, Lofalitsidwa ndi nyumba yosindikiza ya Sống Mới ku 1971 ku Saigon.

1.2 YOLEMBEDWA NGATI MUNTHU WOPHUNZIRA SAYANSI NDIPONSO ANTHU OTHANDIZA

     1.2.1  Mu Epulo 1984, tidalembetsa zikalata izi ngati mutu wa kafukufuku wasayansi (1), motsogozedwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Philology ya HoChiMinh City University komanso mothandizidwa ndi Folk Arts Association komanso a Vietnam Plastic Arts Artists Association.

     Tabweretsa zikalata zamtunduwu ndipo tayesetsa kufotokoza zomwe zatsogolera kumsonkhano womwe unakonzedwa ku Hanoi pa Julayi 13, 1985.

     1 kuti. Pulofesa BÙI KHÁNH THẾ (Pulofesa Dokotala mu Linguistics), CHU XUÂN KUKHALA (Pulofesa wa Folk Literature), TIYANI CHÚT (Deputy-Head of the Philology department ku Hanoi University) Zatitsogolera ku njira yomwe iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popereka zikalata izi.

     1b. Ophunzira. ĐẶNG ĐỨC (wochita kafukufuku pa China ndi Vietnamese cholembedwa ku China), Trần Mai ndi Hồ Nam, (ofufuza zachikhalidwe) zatithandizira pofotokoza.

  1c. Mapulofesa HOÀNG NHƯ MAI (Pulofesa wa MabukuL, NH KỴ (Pulofesa wa Kuphatikiza Zolemba) TAYESANI THANH ĐẠM (Pulofesa wa Mabuku), NGUYỄN LỘC (Pulofesa wa Mabuku), DALITSANI THÁI ĐỈNH (Dokotala mu Philosophy), LÊ VĂN HẢO (Pulofesa Doctor mu Ethnology) ndawerenga ndi kupereka malingaliro okhudzana ndi malembawo.

     1d. Mauthenga. VÕ SĨ KHẢI (Zakale Zakale wochita kafukufuku), NGUYỄN NGỌC BÁCH (MS), DƯƠNG NGỌC DŨNG (Mphunzitsi wachingerezi) asinthanso matembenuzidwe akale, ndipo omasulira atsopanowa ndikusintha komaliza adakwaniritsidwa ndi a VŨ ANH TUẤN (Womasulira)

     Pambuyo pake, tapitiliza kuidziwitsa kumalo ena osiyanasiyana (2) komanso Vietnamese wokhala kudziko lina atabweranso kudzacheza kwawo.

(2) a.  Ku Hanoi, zikalata zamtunduwu adaziwonetsa m'malo otsatirawa:

    Institute wa DRMn-Nôm, The Institute Institute, Dipatimenti ya Vietnamese ku Hanoi University.

     b. Ku HoChiMinh City: Komiti ya HoChiMinh City Social Sciences, Patriotic Intellectuals 'Association, Medicine Association, History Group, Southern Women's Memorial Hall, The Youth Publishing House, Repermanent Representation of the Cultural Institute, Msonkhano wa Zinenero za Kum'mawa kwa 4 wa Socialist Nations, yokonzedwa pa Novembala 22,1986 ku yunivesite ya HoChiMinh.

     1.2.2  Nkhani zokhudzana ndi madongosolo amenewa zidachitika m'manyuzipepala ndi m'magazini osiyanasiyana (1) ndipo akatswiri ambiri adaziyesa pansi pazinthu zambiri:

     a. Buku lakale lokhala ndi zithunzi, ngakhale silinakwaniritsidwe, ndilofunika kwambiri chifukwa chotha kuwonetsa zenizeni ndikuwonetsa zochitika zosiyanasiyana zokomera dziko lathu nthawi imeneyo. Chigawo ichi cha matabwa chimathandizanso kwambiri "Dziko lathu chuma chojambula ”(Firiji.1)

     Malinga ndi HOÀNG THAO - Kutolere koyambirira kwa matabwa -People's Journal ya Julayi 20, 1985.

Chithunzi 1: BUFFALO-HERD (chosindikizidwa kuchokera ku chithunzithunzi chopangidwa ndi terracotta)

b.  Makatani okongola, okhala ndi moyo, komanso mitengo yoyenga bwino kwambiri yokhudzana ndi zojambula zodziwika bwino za mudzi wa Đông Hồ ndi mseu wa Hàng Trống. (Firiji.2)

     … M'zaka za m'ma 50, ojambula odziwika bwino, Nguyễn Đỗ Cung ndi Trần Văn Cẩn awona zidutswazo ku Hanoi, ndipo posachedwapa, wofufuza Nguyễn Mạnh Hùng walengeza pagulu buku loyambirira lomwe likupezeka mumzinda wa HoChiMinh.

     Zojambula za PV zopitilira 4000 zojambula kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 zapezeka posachedwa - People's Army, Julayi 20, 1985.

Chithunzi Chachiwiri: KULIMBIKITSA KOLEMEDWA NDI MONONI (Zojambula za anthu aku Vietnamese)

     c. Ponena za zojambulajambula zamitengo zamtengo wapatali zodziwika bwino, Pulofesa- Academician Trần Văn Cẩn, Wapampando wa Association of Plastic Arts Artists of Vietnam awunika:

   Zojambulajambula zakale zamtunduwu ndi mtengo waluso kwambiri. Ojambula akale Nthawi zinajambulapo zojambulajambula zonga ngati ngati izi talente yoona maestro. Kuyang'ana izi zojambula lero, tikumva ngati tikuyambiranso tokha (Firiji.3). Kungoganiza pulasitiki yokha zaluso, zojambulajambula zapamwamba izi watipatsa maphunziro abwino ”.

     PV Zithunzi zapadera - Newsweek July, “20, 1985.

Chithunzi 3: KUSINTHA KWA KUKHALA NDI MALO OGWIRITSIRA NTCHITO
(kulanga mwana yemwe amalemba molakwika munthu waku China)

d.  Pulofesa wa Mbiri Phan Huy Lê akuti:

     "Ichi ndi mbiri yakale yojambula zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu athu kale, ndikuchokera ku nthambi zonse zachikhalidwe zochita zosiyanasiyana zamakhalidwe abwino ndi moyo wachikhalidwe. Kupitilira 4000 matabwa opanga amoyo, osiyanasiyana, ndipo kwambiri chikalata cholemera chomwe chatilola kuphunzira za miyambo, zizolowezi, ndi zikhulupiriro za anthu athu m'mbuyomu ” (Mkuyu .4)

     PV Zithunzi zapadera - Newsweek pa Julayi 20, 1985.

Chithunzi 4: TALISMAN
(kuchotsa mizimu yoyipa, kuchiritsa matenda, kusungitsa nyumba mwamtendere)

     e.… “Msonkhanowu wonse umakhala ndi zambiri zojambula 4000 zomata, zojambulidwa ndi zathu ojambula m'mbuyomu, ojambula, komanso osindikizidwa pamanja mchaka cha 1908-1909 ku Hanoi. Onse zojambulazo zili ndi nthano zambiri zaku China komanso Wachingelezi adalemba Vietnamese, akufotokozera zolemba zawo zomwe zimakamba zochitika zosiyanasiyana monga monga kupanga, kuswana (Firiji.5), miyambo, zizolowezi, zosangalatsa za anthu athu pa kuyambira zana lino ”.

     Kuyambitsa zojambula za zojambula zowerengeka koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20 - New Hanoi, Julayi 20, 1985.

Chithunzi 5: Momwe MUNGASOTSE BUFFALO

     f. "Zithunzi zopitilira 4000 zomwe zimawoneka ngati chopereka cha mbiri yakale muzithunzi, chosonyeza zathu chikhalidwe cha anthu m'mbuyomu, kupita ku nthambi zosiyanasiyana akatswiri mu chikhalidwe chathu kuti ntchito zauzimu komanso zakuthupi (Firiji.6), zomwe akatswiri azikhalidwe azindikira kwambiri ochenjera komanso opatsa chidwi ”.

     Semina ya Sayansi panthawi yosonkhanitsa zojambula zoposa 4000 zomwe zidafotokozedwa - Liberated Saigon tsiku lililonse, pa Julayi 17, 1985.

Chithunzi 6: KUSANGALATSA KWA RICE

     g. … “Koma, mwina chinthu chamtengo wapatali kwambiri ndikufunika kwa zikalata muzithunzithunzi, ndizolemba mu Chitchaina ndi Chinesetranscribed Vietnamese (Firiji.7) (2,, yomwe yalemba mokwanira moyenera zochitika za anthu ambiri m'zaka zapitazi.

    Kuteteza cholowa chakale ndi ntchito ya mbadwo uno, popeza adakali ndi nthawi yambiri kuti aphunzire chikhalidwe chamasiku akale ”.
HUỲNNH DŨNG NHÂN - Lamlungu la Achinyamata, pepala la 24/85, Ogasiti 25, 1985.

Chithunzi 7: MONKEY WAKONZEDWA NDI ZINSINSI ZAMAKONO
(mchaka cha Monkey - 1908 - wina amagwiritsa ntchito zitsamba zakuchiritsa kupota nyani ndikusunga mnyumba. Pambuyo pake, zitsambazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda)

     h. … “Mwina izi ndi zomveka kuyambitsa magawo ambiri ophunzira monga: mabuku achikhalidwe, ethnography ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu (Firiji.8). Komanso, chopereka chomwe chili zojambula zopitilira 4000 zimawonetseranso zoyambirira luso lazopulasitiki lamanja ojambula akalewo ”.

     HỒ KIM - Ponena za kujambula zithunzi zopitilira 4000 koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20 - The Vietnamese Roman Catholic, lofalitsidwa nambala 32, Juni 11, 1985.

Chithunzi 8: KUTHANDIZA (Terracotta)

     i. ... “Ndi chidaliro komanso wasayansi wothandizirana ndi Hùng ali adandiwonetsa zolemba zake zonse, ndipo adandidziwitsa zopeza zake kudzera mwa ambiri  zaka zakafukufuku ndi kuphunzira; adandilolanso Dziwani za mavuto omwe amakhalabe wosakhudzidwa, komanso wosakhudzidwa ndi zinthu ndikuyembekezera masiku akubwera. Tithokze mphamvu zake zokhala ndi ntchito zake, tsopano akumvetsa komanso kutulutsa zina zambiri zojambula 4000 zokhala ndi nthano m'Chitchaina zolembedwa Chi Vietnamese; makamaka ku pezani zotchinga zenizeni zomwe Hải adasiya Chilankhulo cha Hưng - Hải Hưng kukhala kwawo za ojambula. Komabe, monga zojambula zina zam'maganizo, iye amayenera kufunsa ambiri maprofesa, ndi okalamba ochokera ku North Vietnam kuti tipeze mayankho oyenera ” (Firiji.9).

      ĐẶNG ĐỨC, - Văn Nghệ (Zolemba m'magazini), inatuluka nambala 5-6, February 1, 1986 - Chaka Chatsopano cha Mwezi wa Bunn Bính Dần (Chaka cha tiger) 1986.

Chithunzi 9: KUKUFUNA MLIMU KUTI MUZILENGA CHIYANI CHAKE PAMBUYO PAKATI

     j. … “Zithunzi izi, zopenthedwa kulozetsa chiyambi cha zaka za zana la 20, zakhala opeza ndi luso lokwera kwambiri, ndipo akhale zinawonetsa moyo wa Vietnamese nthawi imeneyo. Ambiri mwa iwo ali ndi kafukufuku wapamwamba wa sayansi mfundo, makamaka pankhani malingaliro. " (Chith. 10).

     (Zojambula 4000 za anthu wamba - Vietnam News Agency Hanoi - VNA - Julayi 16).

Chithunzi 10: BETROTHAL CEREMONY
(Imodzi mwa miyambo isanu ndi umodzi yaukwati, wantchito amanyamula thonje la betel
ndipo areca pamutu pake, mkwati wokhala ndi ambulera, apongozi ake
ndi chipewa chake chosakanikirana)

     k. … ”Mabungwe azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana akhala khazikitsani magulu a ofufuza omwe amayang'anira kudziwa komwe kunachokera zojambulazo, kudziwa mtundu wa zojambulajambula za ojambula. Wina akuyembekeza kuti zolembedwa zoyambirira zimapezeka ndi kusindikizidwa muma fascicles angapo ”.

     Kutolere kodabwitsa - The Courrier of Vietnam - Seputembara 1985.

     l. … ”Nthawi yowonjezera ndiyofunika kukonzekera zofunika poyang'ana kufalitsa chopereka ichi cha Vietnamese Folk Zojambula kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, popeza ili ndi cholowa chamtengo wapatali muzolemera za dziko lathu chuma, komanso chifukwa kusindikiza cholinga chake ndi kusungabe komanso kwakukulu kuyambitsa zaluso za pulasitiki zaku Vietnam kuzathu anthu akunja ndi akunja ” (3)

"Kumwaza madzi m'madzi,
ndikuponyera ukonde kuti ugwire masauzande za nsomba zazikulu... "

      "Zomwe zili pazithunzizi ndizambiri zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu amtchire aku Vietnam (Firiji.11), Popeza kuti salinsobe malire mkati mwaukadaulo.

Chithunzi 11: KUUKITSIRA NTCHITO YOSIMA

     Uwu ndi mtundu wa ukonde woluka mkono, wopangidwa ndi ulusi wa bafuta wokhala ndi masentimita 1.5 mpaka 2, ndipo wokhala ndi mtengo wogwira wamitali itatu kapena inayi, wogwiritsidwa ntchito pogwira nsomba ndi shrimp pamadzi akuya, osazama kwambiri kuposa munthu kutalika (mtsinje, ngalande, dziwe, nyanja ...); Wokoka nthawi zambiri amavala dengu pa lamba wake kuti agwire nsomba zomwe zapezeka. Pali mtundu wina wa ukonde wokulirapo, wotchedwa raft-net, womwe umayikidwa pagawo lamtsinje pakati pamadzi awiri osinthana omwe ali ndi kanyumba koti anthu azikhalamo ndikuwonerera pomwepo. Koma, palinso mtundu waukonde wosunthika, womwe amakoka amakhala ndi dengu m'chiuno mwake, ndi mtundu wa ukonde wawung'ono wogwira nkhanu zomwe zimangokhala kansalu kakang'ono chabe.

     Mwa zojambula zopitilira 4000, titha kuwona kuti pafupifupi 1000 mwa izo ndizolemba zachilengedwe, zojambula ndi njira yosavuta kwambiri ndikuwonetsera zinthu zosavuta monga makwerero, nyali (Firiji.12) matope, mbewa, macheka ndi zina zotero… Pali ena apamwamba kwambiri okhala ndi pulasitiki wamkulu luso laukadaulo, wolemera muma mafakitale apulasitiki omwe zipatsa ofufuzawo zamtengo wapatali zikalata zooneka. ”.

     MAI TRANG -… 4000 zojambula za anthu koyambirira kwa zaka zana lino - Kupenda Kwachipembedzo, Seputembara, 1985.

Chithunzi 12: OIL LAMP

     m. “Chifukwa cha kufunika kwa Kuwonetsa cholinga cha konkriti, kapena kowoneka potchula mbali ina ya moyo, zina mwa izi zojambula zodziwika, zowonetsa zotere monga kutulutsa (Firiji.13), nkhumba (Chith. 14), Kukodza kapena kupemphapempha anthu ndi zina zambiri… akadatsalira zachilengedwe… ”

      ĐẶNG ĐỨC - Zosonkhanitsa zojambulajambula zamatabwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, zomwe zidawonedwa kuchokera pamakona apulasitiki - Chikhalidwe cha Anthu, ikatuluka nambala 3/1986.

Chithunzi 13: KUMVETSA (mutu ukugwedezeka ndikuwudula)

      Nthawi zambiri, kulibe wolima amene saganiza zoweta nkhumba kuti atenge manyowa ku mpunga wake. Ngati sakhala wosauka kwambiri komanso wovuta, wina ayenera kukhala ndi nkhumba yopangidwa ndi nsungwi yokutidwa ndikuphimbidwa ndi masamba, mbali ina iliyonse kutalika kwake pafupifupi 2 kapena 3 mita (monga chithunzi chosonyezedwa chojambula ichi). Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lazachuma amatha kupulumutsa chipinda kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito ngati khola la nkhumba. M'malo ena, anthu amamanga khola la nkhumba limodzi ndi cesspool, kapena amayika pambali pa khitchini, akumanga makoma amdothi ndikukonza nsanamira mozungulira, ndikuyitcha “Chém” (nkhumba mu Vietnamese), kotero kuti nkhumba zisasokoneze nyumbayo. Ponena za anthu olemera, amamanga nkhumba za nkhumba ndi njerwa. Mkati mwa khola la nkhumba, anthu amaika mankhusu, udzu, udzu woti nkhumba zizigona, kupota, ndikukodza. Ndowe zikakhala zopanda madzi, amaikapo mankhusu ena, udzu ndi udzu kuti apange dzenje. Awa ndi malo omwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito kusungira ndikuphimba ndowe zotchedwa pit-ndowe, mtundu wa manyowa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo otsika, chifukwa cha anthu akumapiri kapena kumapiri, amangogwiritsa ntchito manyowa obiriwira okha monga madera omwe nkhumba zimaloledwa kuyendayenda.

Chithunzi 14: PIGSTY

     n. Ndi asayansi amakono kwambiri ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, sitimangokhala nazo kusindikizidwa encyclopaedias, koma tili ndi ena mtundu monga encyclopaedia pazithunzi, soundencyclopaedia, encyclopaedia ndi makompyuta encyclopaedia. Apa, tili kuchita ndi Vietnamese Encyclopaedia mu Zithunzi zomwe zidawonekera koyambirira kwa izi zaka zana… ”.

     LÊ VĂN HẢO - Ntchito yachikhalidwe yosawerengeka komanso yamtengo wapatali pachikhalidwe cha ku Vietnamese: zojambula 4577 zodula mitengo ku Vietnamese Encyclopaedia mu Zithunzi za ojambula aku Vietnamese koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20 - Liberated Saigon, za pa Julayi 16 ndi 17, 1987.

     o. "M'moyo wachikhalidwe ndi zaluso m'miyaya zaka zingapo zapitazi, panali mfundo yomwe idakopa chidwi cha anthu ambiri, makamaka iwo mu zaluso, nthambi zikhalidwe ndi zina nthambi zina za sayansi ya chikhalidwe: zikhalidwe zina, zaluso, ndi mabungwe asayansi yachitukuko ali nazo adagwira ntchito kuti athandize pagulu kuti lisonkhanitse zochuluka zojambula zotchingira mitengo zomwe zinajambulidwa pa koyambirira kwa zaka zana lino… ”

     QUỐC ANH - Kukhazikitsanso mtengo wa zojambula zojambula pamatabwa zopenta koyambirira kwa zaka makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri - Maphunziro a Chikhalidwe ndi Zojambula - Unduna wa Zachikhalidwe - Nkhani No. 2/1988 (tsamba 48).

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(1) Monga, Vietnam Press Review, People's Journal, People's Army Journal, New Hanoi, Liberated Saigon, Religion Review, Newsweek, The Vietnamese Roman Catholic, "Le Courrier du Vietnam" (m'Chifalansa), Kanema wa Achinyamata, Kubwereza Kwa Mabuku (nkhani ya Tết Wolemba Bính Dần 1986), Chidziwitso cha Lero, chofalitsa nambala 2/88…

(2) Monkey wokhala ndi zitsamba zamankhwala ndipo ali ndi mzere wa zilembo zaku China zomwe zimati: "Pa tsiku la Đoan Dưếng Tết (tsiku lachisanu la mwezi wachisanu), anthu amagwiritsa ntchito masamba otetezedwa kutulutsa nyama yoyenera, kutengera chaka choyimira mwa nyama kapena yotere ”. Chaka cha Mậu Thân (1908) kukhala chaka cha Monkey. Chifukwa chake adalemba zoyeserera za nyani, natcha "Hầu tử", kenako adaupachika pakhomo lalikulu kuti athetse mavuto. Pambuyo pake, ngati wina m'banjamo wadwala matenda am'mimba, anthu amatenga masamba ena abwino kuti akhale mankhwala.

(3) Pamsonkhanowu, Wapampando wa Central Committee of the Vietnamese United Association of Literature and Arts - wolemba ndakatulo CÙ HUY CẬN - wolimbikitsidwa ndi chithunzi cha anthu wamba chotchedwa "Dip net raising" (Firiji.11) yatulutsa ma aya awiri omwe tawatchulawa.

ONANI ZAMBIRI:
◊  Luso la ANNAMESE ANTHU - Kukhazikitsa zikalata - Gawo 2

BAN TU THU
12 / 2019