COCHINCHINA
Kumenya: 496
MARCEL BERNANOISE1
French Indochina kapena Indochinese Union imakhala mayiko asanu: Tonkin, Annam [Nam], Cochinchina, Cambodiandipo Laos.
Cochinchina, koloni yaku France - pomwe maiko ena a Union ndi oteteza- amapanga gawo lakumwera kwa dziko lathu la Extreme Asia, lomwe lili ndi 56,965 km2 ya 720,000 km2 m'dera lonse la Indochina, okhala ndi 3,800,000, kunja kwa 19 miliyoni yaanthu onse.
Cochinchina, womangidwa kumpoto ndi Cambodia ndi Annam, ndipo kummawa ndi kumadzulo kwa nyanja, umapangidwa ndi beseni lakumwera ndi malo a nyanja Mekong Mtsinje, chigwa chachikulu chokongola chomwe chimalamulidwa mbali imodzi kumapeto komaliza kwa Cambodia Ha Tien [Hà Tiên] Phiri (Nui Sam, 215m) ndi chilumba cha Phu Quoc [Phú Quốc], ndi mbali ina kummwera kwenikweni kwa chingwe cha Annamite chomwe chimathera pomwepo Nui Ba Den [Núi Bà Đen], kapena Tay Ninh [Tây Ninh] Phiri (966m), kupita kuphiri la Ba Ria [Bà Rịa] (850m) komanso kuzilumba zazing'ono za Cape St. Jacques.
The Mekong [Mê Kông] (4,200 km pa) siimaletseka koma imayenda momasuka, mkono weniweni wamadzi, wophatikiza ndi kusunthika kosaletseka m'dziko lomwe limasefukira chaka chilichonse, kwinaku likukula mopitilira muyeso kudutsa malo omwe agwidwa ndi mafunde ake momwe nyanja imayendetsa kupita kugombe .
Chikhalidwe chachikulu cha nyengo ndiyoti chimatha kukhala ngati chimvula chambiri, kudziwa nyengo ziwiri zomveka bwino: nyengo yamvula kuyambira Epulo mpaka Novembala ndi nyengo yadzuwa kuyambira Disembala mpaka Marichi. Ngakhale ma monsoons awa, nyengo ndiyomwe ili: kutentha kumatentha kuchokera ku 25 mpaka 30 kuchokera kumapeto kwina kumapeto.
Komwe kuli Cochinchina - mphambano ya misewu yambiri yopita ku chiyanjanitso cha anthu osiyanasiyana - kuwukira kwawo kochokera konsekonse ndi ntchito zotsatizana - fotokozani za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu ndi anthu osiyanasiyana.
Komabe, a Annamite akadali mpikisano wodziwika (87,5%(...). Kenako, mkati mwamikangano yamkati, France idayamba 1788, kukhazikitsa Nguyen [Nguyễn] mzera wokhala ndi Emperor Gia Long [Gia Long]. Pofuna kubwezera kuphedwa kwa amishonale awiri aku Spain, ndikuchepera Thu Duc [Thủ Đức], zombo zosakanizika za Franco-Spain zidayenera kulanda anthu aku Tour pomwe, ndi Saigon mbali inayo (18 February 1859).
Pambuyo pake, France idalumikiza zigawo zakummawa (Gia Dinh, Bien Hoa, Tho Wanga, [Gia Định, Biên Hoà, Mỹ Tho] 1862) kumadera akumadzulo (Vinh Long, Chau Doc, Ha Tien, [Vĩnh Long, Châu Đốc, Hà Tiên] 1863).
Bungwe Lolamulira
Olamulira oyamba a Cochin-China anali oyang'anira omwe adakhazikitsa maziko a oyang'anira, mothandizidwa ndi oyang'anira zochitika zachilengedwe, odziwika ndi omwe ali ndiudindo ndi maudindo awo: phu [phủ], huyen [huyện], Chief ndi Deputy Mutu wa Canton, komanso zidziwitso zam'mudzimo. Mu 1879 abwanamkubwa aboma atenga m'malo mwa akazembe, woyamba pansi pa udindo wa kazembe wankhanza, kenako pansi pa dzina la kazembe wa Cochin-China.
Bwanamkubwa ameneyu akuyang'aniridwa ndi Kazembe - General wa Indochina, woimira French Republic.
Boma la Cochinchina, komanso ma dipatimenti yothandiza anthu, ali Saigon [Sài Gòn], likulu la Cochinchina. Midzi, yomwe ndi maziko a bungwe loyang'anira, imayendetsedwa ndi otsogolera omwe amayang'anira bajeti yamasipala.
Midzi yomwe ili mgululi imayang'aniridwa ndi Chief ndi Deputy Head of Canton. Makatoniwo amakonzedwa kuti apange chigawo, chomwe mutu wake ndi woweruza, mfumu yachigawo, ndi nthumwi ya kazembe wa Cochinchina. Ma cantoni ena ofunika amapangidwa m'magulu oyang'anira Doc Phu [Đốc Phủ], Quan Phu [Quận Phủ], Quan Huyen [Quận Huyện], kapena ngakhale ogwira ntchito zaboma aku France. Ma distilikiti amayendetsedwa ndi boma. Ntchito zaboma zimayimiriridwa m'maboma osiyanasiyana: positi, ntchito zaboma, miyambo, ntchito zamtchire, maphunziro, thandizo la mankhwala, ndi Treasure.
Chuma Cha Cochinchina
Kuchokera pazomwe zimaperekedwa ndi ziwerengero, nambala imodzi ndi yokwanira kukhazikitsa mphamvu zachuma komanso zachuma za Cochinchina mogwirizana ndi mayiko ena a Union: Cochinchina imayimira 75% yonse Chi-Indochinese malonda apadera.
Kulemera kwa Cochinchina ndi chifukwa cha nthaka, yosavuta kugwira ntchito, yokhala ndi chonde chonde komanso zipatso zapamwamba, ngakhale kungololeza zokolola imodzi pachaka (pomwe Tonkin ndi Northern Annam ali ndi zokolola ziwiri pachaka).
Kulima mpunga kumadutsa ena onse: zigawo khumi ndi zisanu mwa makumi awiri mphambu ziwiri alibe ndalama zina. (Cochinchina imapereka 8 / 10 ya mpunga wotuluka ku France Indochina, womwe ndi pafupifupi mamiliyoni awiri).
Zilimo zina m'malo otsika awa ndi za chimanga, soya, mbatata, nzimbe, nzimbe, coconut (kupanga mafuta a kokonati), omwe mitengo yake yolipira ikuwonjezeka chaka chilichonse m'maboma a Gia Dinh [Gia Định] ndi My Tho [Mỹ Tho]. Madera akum'mawa, omwe ndi okwera komanso opanda mitengo, omwe ali ndi malo ofiira kapena otuwa bwino pakukula kwa hevea, mtengo wa mphira womwe kupanga kwake kumapitilira matani a 3,000 pachaka.
M'mapiri awa, pafupi ndi nkhalango (bamboos ku Thu Dau Mot [Thủ Đầu Một] ndi Tay Ninh [Tây Ninh], ndi nkhalango yayikulu ku Bien Hoa [Biên Hoà]), pali mbewu zosangalatsa monga mtengo wa khofi ndi mtengo wa lacquer.
Alimi abwino, achangu, oleza mtima komanso akhama, a Annamite nthawi zambiri amalima malo motsatira miyambo yazaka zambiri. Ndi njati, yomwe ndiyabwino kwambiri ndipo kudera lonselo, nyama yolima yomwe ili m'munda wa mpunga.
Koma akuluakulu aku France adafuna kupangitsa kuti mbonizo zipindule ndi njira zomvekera bwino komanso zamakono zopanga kafukufuku wa sayansi polenga sukulu zaulimi, malo ogwiritsira ntchito mpunga ku Saigon, minda yoyesera ndi minda yolima mbewu (Can Tho [Cần Thơ], Soc Trang [Sóc Trăng], ndi Ong Yem).
Ulimiwu ukufalikira tsiku ndi tsiku: thirakitala limagwiritsidwa ntchito polima, komanso pomauma.
Makampani akuluakulu a Cochinchina ndiye mphero ya mpunga yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kuchotsa chimanga cha paddy kuti ipeze mpunga. Mphero zazikulu za mpunga zimagwira Cho Lon [Chợ Lớn], tawuni yaku China pafupi 6 km mtunda wa Saigon [Sài Gòn]. Koma masiku ano mphero zina zam mpunga, ndizofunikira, zimakhazikitsidwa konsekonse Cochinchina.
Makampani ena amaphatikizapo mphira wopangidwa kuchokera ku ma millra oyala amafuta a Copra, ma mills a shuga, mphero za njerwa, masipuni, zokutira, ndi zomata. Msewu wabwino ndi mitsinje yabwino Cochinchina kumadera ake akutali kwambiri.
Misewu yokhala ndi magalimoto osawerengeka, magalimoto amtundu wa ng'ombe, magaleta okokedwa ndi mahatchi, magareta awiri, maginito okoka, kuyenda kwa oyenda pansi, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi katundu, amadziwika kuti ndi misewu ya m'malire, misewu yam'madera, ndi misewu yothandizana nawo. Misewu yachikoloni ya chidwi chonse ndichofunikira kwambiri: N.1 kapena Msewu waku Mandarin kuchokera kumalire a Siamu mpaka Nam Quan [Nam Quan] Chipata cha Malire (Battambang a Dong Dang [Đồng Đăng]); msewu N. 15 kuchokera ku Saigon kupita ku Cape St. Jacques; msewu N. 16, kuchokera Saigon [Sài Gòn] kwa Ca Mau [Cà Mau].
BAN TU THU
12 / 2019
ZINDIKIRANI:
1: Marcel Georges Bernanoise (1884-1952) - Paint, anabadwira ku Valenciennes - dera lakumpoto kwambiri ku France. Chidule cha moyo ndi ntchito:
+ 1905-1920: Kugwira ntchito ku Indochina komanso kuyang'anira mishoni kwa Kazembe wa Indochina;
+ 1910: Mphunzitsi ku Far East School of France;
+ 1913: Kuwerenga zaluso zachilengedwe komanso kufalitsa zolemba zingapo zaukadaulo;
+ 1920: Anabwerera ku France ndipo anakonza ziwonetsero zaluso ku Nancy (1928), Paris (1929) - zojambula za Lorraine, Pyrenees, Paris, Midi, Villefranche-sur-mer, Saint-Tropez, Ytalia, komanso zikumbutso zina ochokera ku Far East;
+ 1922: Akufalitsa mabuku onena za zokongoletsa ku Tonkin, Indochina;
+ 1925: Adalandira mphotho yayikulu ku Colonial Exhibition ku Marseille, ndipo adagwirizana ndi wopanga mapulani a Pavillon de l'Indochine kuti apange zinthu zamkati;
+ 1952: Amwalira ali ndi zaka 68 ndipo amasiya zojambula zambiri ndi zithunzi;
+ 2017: Ntchito yake yopenta idayambitsidwa bwino ndi mbadwa zake.
◊ Gwero: LA COCHINCHINE - Marcel Bernanoise - Hong Duc [Hồng ĐứcOfalitsa, Hanoi, 2018.
Mawu olimba mtima komanso oyimbidwa a Vietnamese akhazikika mkati mwa zolemba - zolembedwa ndi Ban Tu Thu.
ONANI ZAMBIRI:
◊ CHOLON - La Cochinchine - Gawo 1
◊ CHOLON - La Cochinchine - Gawo 2
◊ SAIGON - La Cochinchine
◊ BIEN HOA - La Cochinchine
◊ THU DAU MOT - La Cochinchine