CHIYEMBEKEZO ndi zida zamasiku amenewo - zaka za zana la 15

Kumenya: 563

Prof TAN, HA VAN

    Ndi bata mdziko la 15^th Zaka, zikhalidwe ndi zaluso zimatha kukhazikitsidwa. The Mwana wa Lam¹ kupanduka komanso kumasulidwa kwadzikoli kudalimbikitsa kudalira kwa Nguyen Trais² Binh Ngo Dai Cao (Kulengeza pa Kutha kwa Ming). Izi zikutsatiridwa Ly Ter Tans³ Xuong Giang Phu (Ode kupita ku Mtsinje wa Xuong - komwe kuli nkhondo yayikulu yolimbana ndi Ming); Nguyen Mong Tuan's⁴ Lam Mwana Giai Khi Phu (Ode kupita ku Salutary Air ya Mount Lam Son) ndi Nghia Phu (Ode ku Banner of Justice), komanso ntchito zina zambiri. Mfumu Le Thanh Tong⁵ iyemwini adatchulanso mutu womwewo Phu Lam Mwana.

  Le Thanh Tong⁵, king-cum-ndakatulo, adathandizira kwambiri pakukweza chikhalidwe. Adakhazikitsa Tao Dan⁶, gulu lolemba. Mamembala 28 adafaniziridwa ndi nyenyezi 28 zakuthambo, ndipo adadziwika kuti ndiko kupeka kwa ndakatulo zambiri. Zolemba zimapangidwa m'chinenerochi cha Vietnamese chotchedwa nom⁷, kutengera malingaliro achikhalidwe achi China. Malembawo adagwiritsidwa ntchito muzolemba zazikuluzikulu zambiri kuphatikizapo Quoc Am Thi Tip (Kutolere ndakatulo mu Chilankhulo cha Dziko) ndi Nguyen Trai ⁷ ndi Hong Duc Quoc Am Thi Tap, chopereka cha ndakatulo zoposa mazana atatu.

   Chi Confucianism chinali chothandiza kwambiri, m'mabuku komanso kuukadaulo. M'zaka zonse zapitazi, akachisi ndi ma studas ochepa okha a Buddha adamangidwa, koma zoyeserera zinakhazikitsidwa mu Thang Long⁸ polemekeza Confucius, adamangidwanso pamlingo wokulirapo ndipo malo ofanana adamangidwanso kumayiko ena ambiri.

     Mafumu a Mzera⁹ onse anali ofunitsitsa kuwonjezera kumanga kwatsopano likulu la dziko. Nyumba zachifumu za Kinh Thien¹⁰, Kodi Chinh¹¹ ndi Van Tho¹² adalamulidwa ndi Lamulo¹³ mu 1428. Awa adalumikizidwa ndi Hoi Anh¹⁴, Wokhoza¹⁵, Tucmg Quang¹⁶, Kim Loan¹⁷, Thuy Ngoc¹⁸ ndi nyumba zina zabwino.

    Kummwera kwa mzindawo nsanja zazikulu zidakwezedwa. Pakati pawo Nam Giao¹⁹ ndi Xa Tac²⁰, kumene miyambo yachipembedzo inkachitidwa nthawi zonse polemekeza kumwamba, dziko lapansi. Zambiri mwa zinthu 15^th Zojambula zakale zomwe zatsala masiku ano ndi ziboliboli zamiyala za anthu ndi nyama. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazing'ono, zozungulira komanso zopanda mtundu wokongola, wokhala ndi moyo zomwe zimawoneka pansi pa Ly ndi Tran dynasties. Zojambula zina, monga ndege za masitepe okongoletsedwa ndi akambuku, zimadziwika kuti zitangomangidwa. Makungu, ngati omwe ali Kinh Thien (Chipinda cha Khothi) Nyumba ya Ha Noi, ndizosiyana kwathunthu ndi zomwe zimapangidwa pansi pa Ly ndi Tran¹⁹. Ali ndi maso otuluka, nyanga zopindika ndi zipsepse zakuthwa, ndipo zimakhazikika pamalo owopsa, zokhala ndi kutsogolo kumodzi kuti zigwire ndevu. Nthawi zambiri, Le akambuku²⁰ kumawoneka mwamwambo motero, osakhwima.

   Ziwonetserozo, mbali inayo, zinkayenda bwino pansi pa Mzera. Chofunika kwambiri chinali kuyambitsidwa kwa glaze wabuluu momwe mitundu yambiri yazodzikongoletsera - mitambo, zimbalangondo, ma phoenix, ma chrysanthemums, nkhanu, nkhanu, ma lotus ndi maluwa a mandimu - adakopedwa mumitundu yosiyanasiyana yoyera. Makhalidwe olimba a tchire adapatsa zotsatira zomaliza luso labwino kwambiri.

The 15^,h M'zaka za zana lino kunali mbali yayikulu pakuchita zisudzo. Ku khothi, idayendetsedwa ndi malamulo okhwima ndipo imakhala miyambo komanso yopeka.

   Mphamvu ya Ming²¹ zidamveka mwamphamvu kukhothi. Pakadali pano, zosangalatsa zotchuka - mutu (opera yakale), pele (opera wotchuka) ndipo nyimbo zachikhalidwe zidapitilirabe kutchuka.

    Khotilo lidayesa mwadala kuletsa zosangalatsa zodziwika. Mfumu Chilankhulo cha Thai⁵ mu 1437 oletsedwa choko kuchokera Mieu waku Thai²², kachisi woperekedwa ku miyambo ya makolo ake. Mfumu Le Nhan Tong²³, pomwe adachezera Lam Kinh mu 1448, adalonjedzwa ndi gulu la anyamata ndi atsikana omwe adachita zovina lotchedwa Rt Ren²⁴ momwe amatsanzira kutola maluwa ndikuwapota mu nkhata. Nthawi ina yovina gululo nthawi zina linkadutsa miyendo ndipo potero amamuimba mlandu wamanyazi ndi otumikira mfumu.

   Ngakhale malamulo ndi malangizo onse, njira zosangalatsa zotchuka sizinasinthe.

zolemba:
¹  Mwana wa Lam … Ikusintha…

BAN TU THU
5. 2020

ZINDIKIRANI:
Chitsime: Kupanga kwa Vietnam. Ha Van Tan. thegioipubumenes.vn, 2018. Chithunzi; wikimapia.org.
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