Lý Toét mu Mzindawu: Kubwera ndi Zomwe Zachitika mu 1930s Vietnam - Gawo 1

Kumenya: 549

GEORGE DUTTON

ZOKHUDZA

   Kukula kwa utolankhani wotchuka mu 1930s Vietnam idaloleza ndemanga zatsopano za moyo wosinthika wam'mizinda, pakati pawo Lý Toet, nzika imasokonezeka ndi zomwe amakumana nazo mzinda wadzikoli. Nkhaniyi imagwiritsa ntchito Lý Toet zojambula zomwe zimapezeka mumagazini yamlungu Phong Hoa [Mores] monga zenera pamalingaliro amatauni oyang'ana modem. Zikutanthauza kuti zithunzizi zikuwonetsa kukhudzana kwakukulu kwamakono Phong HoaOkonza, ngakhale adzipereka kwambiri pazatsopano ndi zamakono.

   The 1930adawona kusintha kwa Mtolankhani waku Vietnamese, kusintha kuwonekera kwambiri pakuphulika kwatsatanetsatane kwa makanema atsopano osindikiza. Mu 1936 kokha ma magazini atsopano okwanira 230 adawonekera, chitsimikizo cha kukwera kosasunthika komwe kudayamba m'ma 1920s.¹ Makina ochulukirawa anali yankho la zosintha zambiri mu Gulu lachi Vietnamese, osachepera omwe anali kuchuluka kwa anthu akumatauni okhala ndi ndalama zogulira zatsopanozi, nthawi yowerenga, ndi kuwerenga kofunikira m'njira yatsopano ya Vietnamese, quốc nga. A David Marr akuyerekeza kuti pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1930, pafupifupi Vietnamese 1.8 miliyoni aku Vietnamese (mwina ambiri a iwo akumatauni) anali ochita kuwerenga quốc nga.² Kuwerenga kwatsopano kumeneku kudayimira omvera ambiri m'manyuzipepala awa, omwe amapangitsa anthu okhala m'mizinda kuti nawonso atengeke nawo. Zina mwazinthu zazikulu zopereka m'magazini atsopanowa ndikuti adatsimikiza kuti anthu aku Vietnam amakhala m'nyengo yatsopano komanso yamphamvu, momwe zakale ndi "miyambo" zimasiyana kwambiri ndi zamakono komanso "zamakono."

    Chimodzi mwa zodziwika bwino za kusiyana kumeneku chinali chithunzi chapamwamba cha zojambulajambula, mlendo wakumidzi ku mzinda waukulu wotchedwa Lý Toet. Mwanjira yocheperako chithunzi ichi chidayimira kusamvana pakati pa chakale ndi chatsopano, ndipo m'lingaliro lalikulu iye adakhala chithunzi chosinthira cha chizindikiritso chakumidzi chomwe chikungotuluka kumene. Makamaka, Lý Toet chinali chosokoneza cha lý trưởng [mtsogoleri wachikhalidwe], archetype woimira chiyani Philippe Papin wayitanitsa "anthu abwino ogulitsa theka" ndipo zofiirira amadziwika kuti ndi mkulu wa m'mudzi.³ Toét, yemwe mwina adayamba kuwoneka ngati wochita zisudzo [chèo cải lương] chakumayambiriro kwa 1930s, adatenga mawonekedwe osasinthika komanso owoneka kwambiri pazosindikiza, makamaka mu Hà Nội sabata iliyonse Phong Hoa [Zambiri].⁴ Zinali pamasamba a Phong Hoa ndi zomwe amafalitsa Ngày Ayi [Masiku awa] Lý Toet anadzalemekeza Mzika yaku Vietnamese wotayika pakuwonedwa kwa kusintha kwamizinda.

     Nkhaniyi iyankha Lý Toet m'mene amawonekera Phong Hoa, ndikufufuza njira zomwe adagwiritsa ntchito poyimira nkhondo zam'mbuyomu komanso zamakono, kumidzi ndi kumatauni, komanso "miyambo” ndi “zamakono. ”Pokumana ndi moyo wam'mizinda, Lý Toet adawulula zovuta zovuta zamakono zamatawuni. Lý Toet anali nzika yosaphunzira yomwe inkalimbana nawo (nthawi zambiri osachita bwino) kumvetsetsa zamakono, ndikuwona zovuta zake, azitawuni angadzilimbikitse pazokha, kufotokozera komwe kumadalira chidziwitso ndi zomwe adakumana nazo. Lý Toet analibe. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo. Lý ToetZomwe takumana nazo m'moyo wamzindawo zawonetsa kukhudzika kwatsopano, kuphatikiza ngozi zake komanso mayendedwe ake omwe amapezeka pafupipafupi.

     Kuwerenga kwanga kwapafupi kwa Lý ToeKatuni t ndizosintha zina kutanthauzira kwampangidwe kwamatchulidwe a Phong Hoas gulu la olemba, Gulu la Kudzilimbitsa Nokha [Tili ndi Lực Văn Đoàn]. Gulu ili, lokhazikitsidwa ndi Nhất Linh ndipo ochepa olemba amodzi mu 1934, adawulula malingaliro ake pamakope khumi omwe amalankhula za kupanga mabuku kuti athandize dzikolo, ndikuchita izi m'njira yomwe inali yopezeka, yachindunji, komanso yosavuta kumva. Idalengezanso kudzipereka kwa gululi ku nkhondo yosagwedezeka yopitilira patsogolo komanso kuyesetsa kopitiliza kukulitsa kuzindikira kwa anthu za chidziwitso cha sayansi.⁵ Mamembala a Kudzilimbitsa Nokha a Gulu amati nthawi zambiri amaonedwa ngati odzipereka paubwenzi, mosaganizira bwino, kapena ngati ochirikiza zamakono zapamwamba, kutsanzira mafomu koma osati nzeru zamakono, chikhalidwe chamakono, ndi zikhalidwe magalimoto. Ngakhale gulu lidafotokoza zolimbikitsa mwamphamvu, ndikuti magazini yawo, makamaka Phong Hoa, adawunikira chidwi chodabwitsa cha kusintha kwachangu komwe kumachitika mowazungulira. Monga momwe ndinafotokozere pansipa, zojambulazo sizinangokhala zonyoza "chammbuyo", komanso sizinapangitse kukondera kopanda tanthauzo. Gululi linati "kulimbikira kupita patsogolo," mwachitsanzo, zidasinthidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi njira zomwe zolemba zake zimafotokozera "kupita patsogolo" monga mapindu ndi chiwopsezo. Motero, Mphepo Hoa zinali chiwonetsero cha kusinthika kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu akumatauni komwe kumadziwika kuti ndi “kwamakono” ndipo munthawi yomweyo ndemanga yomwe imapangitsa zomwe zidalepheretsa zonena zabodza za Gulu Lodzilimbitsa.

    Zamakono pazowonekera Phong Hoa adadziwika ndi kusintha kwachangu, kutukuka kwachuma cha anthu, kusintha kwa kulumikizana, komanso kutukuka komwe. Zinavumbulutsa "tsopano" yolamulidwa ndi ku Europe, mosiyaniratu, ndi Vietnamese "pamenepo." Kaya owerenga aku Vietnamese m'mabukuwa adadziwa kale mawu oti "modem" -moniđạKuli sichimveka. Akadakhala kuti angakumane ndi kusintha kwa mawu oti mới ”ndi“tnn, ”Omwe atanthauziridwa kuti"yatsopano. "⁶ Zomwe zili zowonekeratu ndikuti anthu akumatauni aku Vietnam adadziwa kuti amakhala munthawi zosinthika kwambiri momwe njira zamalumikizidwe ndi mayendedwe, komanso njira yolumikizirana komanso kuyankhulirana, onse anali akusintha. Kuphatikiza apo, panali lingaliro lamphamvu kukhala paulendo wokasintha komwe kopita sikudziwika. Anthu adawona kuti atenga nawo mbali pazosinthazi, zomwe sizimamveka kwina konse komwe kunali pakati pa olemba ndi ojambula omwe anathandizira kutsatsa kwatsopano komwe kwawonekera mzaka za 1930s.

… PITIRIZANI…

ZINDIKIRANI:

1. David Marr, "Chofunikira Kwa Zamakono: Aluntha ndi Media," mu Vietnam Nkhondo Pambuyo pa Nkhondo: Mphamvu Zosintha Gulu, Mkonzi. Mpweya V. Luong (Lanham, MD: Rowman ndi Littlefield, 2003, 261.
2. David Marr, Wachinyamata Mwambo waku Vietnam Woyeserera: 1920-1945 (Berkeley ndi Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1981), 34; komanso Marr, "Chosangalatsa cha Masiku Ano," 261. Malinga ndi zomwe Marr akuyerekeza ziwonetserozi zikuyenera kuti zikuwonetseratu kuchuluka kwa anthu owerenga Vietnamese pazaka khumi zapitazo.
3. Marr, "Chidwi Cha Masiku Ano," 261; Philippe Papin, "Ndani Ali Ndi Mphamvu M'mudzimo?" Ku Vietnam Vumbula: Scholarship waku France pa Twentieth-Century. Vietnamese Society, ed. Gisclc L. Bousquet ndi Pierre Brocheux (Ann lamdima lija: University of Michigan Press, 2002), 29; Neil Jamieson, Vietnam Womvetsetsa (Berkeley ndi Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993, 102.
4. A Maurice Durand ndi a Nguyen Tran Huan akuti Lý Toét ndi amene anayambitsa ndakatulo ya Tú Mỡ ndipo anapangidwa mu 1927, zonena kuti zinali zovuta kutsimikizira. Onani a Maurice Durand ndi Nguyen Tran Huan, Mawu Oyamba a Vietnamese Literature, trans. DM Hawke (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), 119. Lý Toét adawonekeranso pafupipafupi mu Phong Hoamagazini ya mlongo Ngày Ayi [Masiku Awa), ngakhale ndicholinga cha nkhaniyi, ndidzangolingalira za zomwe zidachitika kale.
5. Malingaliro okwanira khumi a gululi omwe adapeza mu "Tự Lực Văn Đoàn," Phong Hoa, March 2,1934, p. 2.
6. Nguyễn Văn Ký, La Societe Vietnamienne akumana ndi A La Modemite: Le tonkin de la fin du XIXe siecle de la second guerre mondiale [Vietnamese Society Faces Modernity: Tonkin from the end of the Nineteenth Century to Second World War] (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1995, 139.

(Source: Zolemba za Vietnamese Study, Vol. 2. Kutulutsa 1. ma pps. 80-108. ISSN 1559-372X, elektroniki ISSN 1559- 3758. © 2007 ndi Regents wa University of California. http: / Av \ vw.ucprcssjournals.coin / rcprintlnfo.asp.)

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