Luso la ANNAMESE ANTHU - Kukhazikitsa zikalata - Gawo 2
Kumenya: 710
HUNG NGUYEN MANH
Phatikizani Pulofesa, Dokotala wa Mbiri
Dzina la Nick: Akavalo onyamula katundu kumudzi waku yunivesite
Cholembera: Chikumbu
… Pitirizani…
2.1 Mayina oyenera a wolemba ntchito & Mitundu yake yotsatsira
2.1.1 Ili ndi ntchito yofufuza yotchedwa: "Njira Yotengera Anthu Annamese by Henri Oger" Kuphatikiza zolemba zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa ku Midland of North Vietnam, makamaka ku Hanoi m'zaka 1908-1909.
2.1.2 Ntchito yonse yakwaniritsidwa m'mitundu iwiri yosindikiza:
a. Gulu la mabuku lotchedwa "Mawu Oyambirira Phunziro la Njira Za Anthu Annamese" (1Nkhani yokhudza moyo wakuthupi, zaluso ndi mafakitale a anthu a Annam.
b. Chimbale chomwe chili ndi zojambula zopitilira mitengo zopitilira 4000, zophatikizanso “Maluso a Annamese” (2) omwe Henri Oger amatcha: "Encyclopaedia ya zida zonse, ziwiya, ndi zofunikira zonse pamoyo ndi zaluso za a Tonkinese Annamese".
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(1HENRI OGER - Mau oyamba a Study of Technique of the Annamese people - Essay on material life, arts and industrial of the people of Annam - Geuthner, Librarian and Editor. Printers - Okonza - Paris.
(2) HENRI OGER - Njira ya anthu a ku Annamese - Buku lazida zonse, ziwiya, ndi ziwonetsero zonse m'moyo ndi luso la anthu aku Tonquinese-Annamese - Daily pepala la French Indochina -114 Jules Ferry St. - Hanoi.
Fanizo la 15: Kuyambitsa kwanthawi zonse pakuphunzira kwa TECHNIQUE YA ANNAMESE PEOPLE - An essay on the zakuthupi, zaluso ndi mafakitale a anthu okondwerera ndi HENRI OGER
2.2 Zambiri zokhudzana ndi magulu omwe ali ndi mutu “MAU OONJEZEKA KWA ZIPANGIZO ZAMAKONO KWA ANTHU A ANANAMESE ”(mkuyu. 15)
2.2.1 Ili ndi mabuku omwe adalembedwa mu French ndi Oger ndikusindikizidwa ku Paris m'makope 200. Iliyonse ili ndi masamba 159 (Oger adalakwitsa pachikhulupiriro monga pali masamba 156 okha), ndi mafanizo 32. Pakati pa masamba 156, 79 mwa iwo ikukhudzana ndi njira zogwirira ntchito, kuwonetsera, kusindikiza, zaluso zachilengedwe komanso zochitika zatsiku ndi tsiku; 30 yothana ndi ma index okhudzana ndi ukadaulo wamba, maluso achi China, masewera, (mkuyu 16) ndi zoseweretsa, 40 mwa izo muli zomwe zalembedwa ndi zomasulira za aliyense wa ma mbale mu Album ndi Zamkatimu Zambiri.
Fanizo la 16: TIGER WOGWIRA nkhumba (Masewera a ana ogwira nkhumba).
Ana akuimirira mozungulira ndi m'modzi wa iwo mkati ngati nkhumba,
wina ngati nyalugwe kunja
2.2.2 Mugawo loyambitsa ntchito zachilengedwe - gawo limodzi mwazomwe zili m'bukuli - a Henri Oger afotokoza zaluso zingapo monga lacquer work, nsalu, mayi-wa-ngale, zokumba matabwa, kupanga mapepala ndi zaluso zina, lotengedwa ndi Oger monga lochokera pamapepala monga: parasol ndi mafani, zojambula zamitundu, kusindikiza mabuku Kenako H. Oger adachita zingapo za "Mafakitale achikhalidwe" monga zomangira nyumba, zoyendera, zoluka nsalu (mkuyu 17), zovala, kudaya, mafakitale azakudya, kukonza mpunga, kupanga ufa wa mpunga, kuwedza nsomba komanso kupanga fodya…
Firiji.17: KUCHULUKA
2.2.3 Polimbana ndi maluso achilengedwe, a H. Oger adatchera khutu ndikuwonetsetsa ntchito zaluso. Adalemba chilichonse, mawonekedwe aliwonse, zida zamtundu uliwonse, ndipo adanenapo za zida, mtundu, maphunziro, momwe amagwirira ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, komanso kufananizira ndi zinthu zaku Japan, China ... Mwachidule, H. Oger adafotokozeranso za kukhalapo za ntchito zambiri zamanja nthawi imeneyo kudzera m'malingaliro ake zomwe sizingapewe kukhala zodabwitsazi, ndipo zidafikiridwa pamalingaliro wamba omwe cholinga chake chinali kutengera ulamuliro waku France. Tiyeni tiwerenge mafotokozedwe angapo otsatirawa:
a. "Ambiri owonera omwe amakhala ku Annam nthawi zambiri amalemba m'mabuku awo a Journey kuti: mafakitale onse amawoneka kuti sapezeka ndipo ndi osafunikira ku Annam. Ndipo amakonda kunena kuti: ife (mwachitsanzo achi French) tisapeputse zopereka za amisiri achilengedwe pantchito zachuma zomwe tikufuna kufalitsa mdziko muno ”.
b. Oger waona. "Alimi aku Vietnamese sayenera kukhala ndi moyo wopanda vuto chaka chonse, m'malo mwake nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nthawi yopuma. M'masiku achisangalalo amenewa, alimi azisonkhana limodzi kuti agwire ntchito ngati gulu la antchito (mkuyu 18) ndipo zinthu zomwe zimapangidwazo zidzakhala zowonjezera zachuma zomwe ntchito yodzala mpunga siyingabweretse, makamaka mtundu wa mpunga wa ku Indochinese ”.
Mkuyu.18: KULAMULIRA KWA LACQUER CRAFTMAN
c. Kodi gulu la ogwira ntchito ndi chiyani? Malinga ndi H. Oger: "Bungwe lili ndi mfundo zazikuluzikulu ziwiri: ogwira ntchito amagwira ntchito kunyumba kwa wolembedwa ntchito, ndipo wolembedwa ntchito amabwera kunyumba za antchito kuti atenge zinthu zawo".
d. Mu chaputala china H. Oger alemba:
"Vietnam ndi dziko lomwe limapanga utoto wambiri, ndipo utoto Kumpoto ndi wotsika mtengo. Chifukwa chake, zida zonse zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku lililonse zimakutidwa ndi utoto, zomwe zimawateteza kutenthedwe kutentha komwe kumapangitsa kuti zolemba zamatabwa ziwonongeke mwachangu (mkuyu 19). Utoto wopangidwa sukwanira kungogwiritsa ntchito kumayiko ena, komanso ukupezeka ochulukirapo kwa amalonda akuluakulu ku Canton kuti alowe m'dziko lawo ”.
Mkuyu.19: LACQUERWARE
e. Amapanga malingaliro a vietnamese lacquerware nthawi imeneyo, Oger amaganiza kuti: "Njira yodzikongoletsera ya Vietnam sikhala yofooka komanso yanzeru ngati Japan. Vietnamese amangofalitsa utoto wapamwamba kwambiri pazinthu zamatabwa kapena za nsungwi, zomwe kale amazipaka bwino, ndikugwiritsa ntchito dongo labwino kutulutsa zolakwika ndikugulitsa zoperewera kwa anthu osauka. Pachifukwa chimenecho, zinthu zomwe zidakutidwa ndi utotozi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoumbidwa komanso zomata ”
f. Kuchita ndi mutu wokongoletsa, Oger amaganiza kuti makina osokoneza bongo a Vetnamese amangoibweza Zizindikiro za Sino-Vietnamese "monga wophatikizira," ali m'malo mwake maphunziro ambiri ochokera ku China omwe adawaphatikiza ". Pomaliza, Oger amakhulupirira kuti lacetererese lacquerer sayesa kuyang'ana maphunziro okongoletsa atsopano "Kuyambira makolo akale mpaka ana, adapereka zinthu zambiri zomwe wopanga wina wosadziwika adazipeza kale mwalamulo '
Mu chaputala china, tikuwona kuti Oger anali atatchera khutu kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsa ntchito ndi manja ...
g. “Zowoneka ngati nsalu ndi njira yosavuta kuchitira. Uwu ndi mawonekedwe amakona anayi a bamboo (mkuyu 20). Imaikidwa pamabedi awiri amisasa, ndipo chidutswa cha silika chiikidwa mkati mwake. Anthu amalimbitsa chidacho ndi zingwe zing'onozing'ono zokutidwa ndi nsungwi. Ponena za mawonekedwe okongoletsera, adakopedweratu pasadakhale pepala, mtundu wowala komanso pepala labwino. Chitsanzocho chimayikidwa pachitetezo chopindika, ndipo chimayala pamwamba pake pepala lampunga kapena silika. Pogwiritsa ntchito burashi ya pensulo, wopetayo amasamutsira ndendende chidacho pa silika. M'mutu wofufuza zomwe zikukhudza wojambula wopanga utoto wosiyanasiyana wa anthu, ife (mwachitsanzo achi French) tidzakumananso ndi njira yanzeru yomwe imalola munthu kuberekanso kwamuyaya ".
Mkuyu.20: EMBROIDERY FRAME
h."Ntchito yovala zovala zapamwamba.mkuyu 21) imafuna zovuta kwambiri komanso zovutikira komanso zolimba kuposa luntha. Pa chifukwa chimenechi nthawi zambiri amalembera anyamata kapena atsikana, ndipo nthawi zina ana kuti agwire ntchitoyi. Ntchito yomwe ikuyenera kuchitidwa ndikupanganso kapangidwe kake ndi ulusi wamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Wopanga nsalu amakhala kutsogolo kwa chimango, mapazi ake atatambasula pansi pake. Amagwira singanoyo pamwamba pa silika ndipo amakoka mwamphamvu ulusiwo kuti pasakhale mawanga. Izi ndi njira zopangira zokongoletsazo moyenera komanso zokhalitsa. Pamphepete pake pali nyali, chifukwa amayenera kugwira ntchito usana ndi usiku kuti akwaniritse zambiri.
Mkuyu.21: WOPHUNZITSIRA
Nyali iyi (mkuyu 22) imakhala ndi inkpot yamasentimita awiri yodzaza mafuta, yokhala ndi chingwe pakati pake. Wokongoletsa ku Vietnamese amagwiritsa ntchito nyali yowala kwambiri yomwe imasuta komanso kununkha. Pachifukwachi, ndikosavuta kuwona kuti sitimapeza anthu achikulire akugwira ntchito yokongoletsa - popeza achikulire nthawi zambiri amalemba ntchito kuti agwire ntchito zina za anthu aku Vietnam.
Mtanda.22: A LAMP (yopangidwa ndi ink-poto, mtengo: 2cents)
2.3 Ponena za chimbale "CHIPHUNZITSO CHA ANTHU ACHINYAMATA (Vietnamese)" (mkuyu 23)
2.3.1 Ntchito zowerengera zokhudzana ndi zojambulazo ndi malo omwe amasungidwa
a. Izi ndi zojambula zomwe malinga ndi ziwerengero zathu zimakhala ndi zojambula za 45771), 2529 pakati pawo amachita ndi amuna ndi mawonekedwe, ndipo 1049 mwa zojambula 2529 izi akuwonetsa nkhope za akazi; zojambula zotsala za 2048, iwo amatulutsa zida ndi zida zopangira.
b. Seti yomwe idasungidwa ku Laibulale ya Hanoi National ili ndi mavoliyumu 7 osamangidwa mofanana komanso okhala ndi nambala ya HG18 - kale ndalamayi inali kusungidwa pansi pa nambala G5 ya Hanoi Central Library - Laibulale iyi idakhala ndi microfilmed mu Epulo 1979, pansi pa nambala ya SN / 805 yokhala ndi kutalika kwa 40 mita 70 sentimita.
Mkuyu.23: KUSUNGA KWA ANNAMESE (Vietnamese) Anthu olembedwa ndi HENRI OGER
- Encyclopaedia ya zida zonse, ziwiya, ndi ziwonetsero m'moyo ndi zaluso za Tonkinese Annamese People
Seti ina imasungidwa ngati malo osungira zakale ku Library ya General Sayansi ya mzinda wa Ho Chi Minh - laibulale yomwe poyamba inali gawo la laibulale ya Office of the French Resident Superior - pansi pa nambala ya nambala 10511 - setiyi idapangidwa microfilmed kachiwiri mu 1975, ndipo adagawika m'magawo awiri.
Poyambirira, seti yomweyi yomwe idapangidwa panthawiyo ya mavoliyumu 10, idapangidwa ndi microfilmed ndi Archaeology Institute pansi pa nambala ya VAPNHY pa Meyi 24, 1962 (2) ku Alpha Film Enterprise ku Saigon wakale. Komabe, filimuyi imasowa patsamba 94 ndipo ili ndi tsamba 95 kawiri (chifukwa cha vuto lakaluso).
c. Palinso buku losamvetseka lamasamba 120 omangidwa, lomwe limasungidwa pansi pa nambala ya HE 18a, lomwe lakhala likuwonetsedwa pa nambala ya SN / 495 ndi kutalika kwa 5m5, ndipo limasindikizidwa ndi Indochina Central Library komwe munthu angathe onani nambala 17924.
- Izi ndizomwe zimasungidwa monga malo osungira zakale ku Hanoi National Library. Chofunika kudziwa ndikuti pakona yolondola ya tsamba loyamba, pali kudzipereka kwa cholembedwa ndi a H. Oger, ndikupereka bukulo kwa Governor General Albert Sarraut lomwe limati:
"Ndapereka molemekeza kwa Bwanamkubwa General Albert Sarraut kuti andipatse ngongole yanga yoyamikira chifukwa cha chidwi chanu paulemu Wachiwiriyo pa ntchito zanga zofufuza (3). Mzinda wa Vinh, Marichi…, 1912. Henri Oger ”
d. Tilibe mwayi wodziwa za izi kuchokera ku magwero ena, makamaka ku Paris, koma, likulu la France, Pulofesa Pierre Huard (4) yakhala ndi zitsimikiziro motere:
"Buku ili lofalitsidwa ku Vietnam silinatsatire njira iliyonse yolembetsera kukopera, motero, palibe ngakhale imodzi yomwe idasungidwa ku National Library ku Paris. Komabe, chifukwa chakumvetsetsa kwa olamulira aku Vietnamese (omwe kale anali a Saigon), ndili ndi kope lojambulidwa kuchokera pamtundu waukulu womwe uli pansi pa nambala 10511 ya Library of the Cochinchinese Resident Superior's Office.
"École Française d'Extrême-Orient" ilinso ndi kothokoza chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi Photographies Service- Central department of Documents yokhudza National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) "
Ntchito ya H.Oger yajambulidwa nkhuni ndipo yatenga mawonekedwe amatabwa ang'onoang'ono omwe pambuyo pake amasindikizidwa pamapepala akulu a mpunga (65x42cm); masamba ake 700 adakonzedwa mwanjira zosasinthika komanso zosasinthika, tsamba lirilonse lili ndi zojambula pafupifupi 6, zina mwa izo zimawerengedwa ndi ziwerengero zaku Roma, limodzi ndi nthano za zilembo zachi China, koma zonsezi ndizosanjidwa. Chiwerengero cha makope omwe amafalitsidwa ndi ochepa kwambiri: ma seti 15 okha ndi buku limodzi losamvetseka. Seti iliyonse yamangidwa mu 7, 8, kapena 10 fascicles. Pakadali pano, pali magawo awiri okha ndi voliyumu yachilendo ku Vietnam (5).
2.3.2 Kusankhidwa kwa magulu osiyanasiyana a maphunziro (Malinga ndi H.Oger)
a. Mu nyimboyi, a Henri Oger adagawa maphunzirowa m'magulu anayi a maphunziro: atatu oyambayo ndi mafakitale atatuwo (moyo wakuthupi), ndipo yomaliza ndiyo moyo wachinsinsi komanso wapagulu (moyo wa uzimu).
1. Makampani ojambula pazinthu zachilengedwe.
2. Makampani omwe amapanga zinthu zachilengedwe.
3. Makampani omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zakonzedwa kale.
4. Moyo wamba komanso wamba.
d. Ponena za mafakitale ojambula pazinthu zachilengedwe, Oger adapeza ndikujambula zikwangwani 261 (6) ndikupitiliza kuwagawa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono asanu, omwe kudzera muulimi muli ambiri matepi, kenako pamagawo ena monga mayendedwe, kukolola ndi kubudula, kusaka (mkuyu 24), kugwira nsomba.
Firiji.24
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(1) Tachotsera zomwe zidaphatikizidwa komanso zomwe zikuwonetsa zida zing'onozing'ono zomwe sizikudziwika bwino.
(2) a. Taphunzira kuti a Phan Huy Thúy, ofufuza za chikhalidwe komanso wakale wamkulu ku Archaeological Institute, adalabadira zojambula zawozo ndipo adatumiza zamtunduwu ku States (kuzungulira 1972) kuti likhale m'makope ena angapo. Koma, popeza mtengo wake unali wokwera kwambiri, cholinga chake chotumiza makope otere ku masukulu onse aukadaulo komanso sukulu zamaluso sichinachitike. Pambuyo pake, Yunivesite ya Vạn Hạnh idagwiritsa ntchito microfilm yotereyi kukhala zithunzi zazing'ono zotumiza kwa akatswiri mkati ndi kunja. Wofufuza Nguyễn Đôn anali atalumikizana ndi microfilm iyi molawirira kwambiri.
b. Ku Paris, ofufuza odziwika bwino monga Messrs. Hoàng Xuân Hãn, Nguyễn Trần Huân, ndi a Pierre Huard mwina anali ndi microfilm yomwe yatchulidwa kale.
(3) A Monsieur le Gouverneur Général Sarraut en hommage respectueux pour le bienveillant intérêt qu'il veut bien apporter ku mesétudes.Vinh le… Mars 1912. Henri Oger.
(4) PIERRE HUARD: Wolemba mabuku ku French Orientalist, olemba mgwirizano ndi a Orientalist Maurice Durand pantchito yodziwika bwino yotchedwa "Kuphunzira za Vietnam (Connaissance du Vietnam)", lofalitsidwa mu 1954 ku Hanoi. PIERRE HUARD - Le pionnier de la technologie vietnamienne (Mpainiyansi waukadaulo wa vietnamese) - Henri Oger - BEFEO - TL VII 1970, masamba 215,217.
(5) Timalumikizana ndi ma seti awiri awa ku library yambili yayikulu: Laibulale ya Hanoi National (mu 1985) ndi Laigon National Library (mu 1962). Makina omasulirawa amasungidwabe ngati malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ku General Science Science Library ku Ho Chi Minh (Tazionanso mu 1984).
(6) Manambalawa adapezeka kudzera mu ziwerengero zathu.
ONANI ZAMBIRI:
◊ ZIPANGIZO ZA ANTHU OLEMBEDWA - Gawo 1: Kodi zikalata izi zidapezeka bwanji ndikupatsidwa dzina?
BAN TU THU
11 / 2019