KULUMIRA kwa 54 ETHNIC GROUPS ku VIETNAM - Gawo 2

Kumenya: 549

… Zipitilira gawo 1:

PHAM DUC THANH, Dr. Assoc. Pulofesa¹

Madera Azikhalidwe Zabwino

    Mitundu inayi makamaka imakhala m'madambo, kuphatikiza Kinh, Pa, Cham ndi Khmer. Amakhala paulimi wa mpunga wonyowa, usodzi ndi zojambula pamanja.

   Otsala amitundu yotsalira amakhala kumapiri ku Kumpoto chakumadzulo chakumadzulo Vietnam ndi Mapiri Akuluakulu.

   The Kumadzulo chakumadzulo lili ndi zigawo zinayi: Hoa Binh¹⁴, Mwana La¹⁵, Lai Chau¹⁶ ndi Zamgululi¹⁷ Komwe ma fuko abwino amakhala ndi anthu ambiri (72-85%). Amakhala pafupifupi 79.2% ya anthu onse am'derali ndi 16.8% ya anthu wamba amitundu muno.

   M'chigawo chino, Thai ndi ambiri - pafupifupi 32.3% ya anthu amderali ndi 54% ya anthu onse m'chigawochi Thai in Vietnam, mu Son La¹⁵ Province, gululi limakhala ndi 55% ya anthu.

   The Muong chiwerengero cha 24% ya anthu amderali ndi 48.5% ya Muong m'dzikoli. Mu Hoa Binh¹⁴ Province, ndi Muong ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri, owerengera oposa 63% aanthu.

   Mitundu ina yakhazikika m'chigawochi imaphatikizaponso H'mong (13% ya anthu amderali ndi 36.7% amtundu wa Hmong) ndi Dao (3.1% ndi 11.1% motsatana).

   The Kumpoto chakum'mawa Ili ndi zigawo 11. Mitundu yocheperako imapanga 41.3% ya anthu amderali ndi 34.6% yaanthu amitundu yonse mu Vietnam.

   Zigawo zomwe zili ndi mitundu ikuluikulu ya mafuko Cao Bang¹⁶, Ha Giang¹⁷, Bac Kodi¹⁸, Lang Son¹⁹, Lao Cai²⁰ (67% -95%). Yen Bai²¹ ndi Tuyen Quang²² kukhala ndi anthu omwe opitilira theka amachokera ku ma mnontes amitundu. Thai Nguyen²³, Phu Tho²⁴, Bac Giang²⁵ ndi Quang Ninh²⁶ kukhala ndi mapensulo a wa mafuko, kuyambira 11% mpaka 25%,

   The Kumadzulo chakumadzulo ndi nyumba ya Thai pamene Kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi kusamalidwa kwa Dzanja ndi Liti. Apa, a Dzanja kuchuluka kwa 15% ya okhala komweko ndi 90% yapafupi Dzanja kuchuluka. Manambala a Liti ndi 8% ndi 85% mwaulemu, ndipo H'mong 5% ndi 57%. The Dzanja ndi Liti ndi mafuko omwe amakhala m'malo otsika pafupi ndi malo amadzi. Amadziwa zambiri paulimi ndi ntchito zina.

   Gawo lakumpoto kwa Central Vietnam imakwirira zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi kuchokera Thanh Hoa²⁷ ku Thua Thien-Hue²⁸. Mitundu yocheperako yomwe amakhala m'chigawochi ndi H'mong, Chi Thai, Kho mu, ndi Muong. Amakhala 10.6% ya anthu akumudzi ndi 10% ya anthu wamba m'mafuko Vietnam.

Ngakhale kuti mafuko ang'onoang'ono amangokhala 14% yokha mwa anthu a Thanh Hoa²⁷ ndi Nghe An²⁸, zigawo zambiri za zigawo ziwirizi ndizomangika ndi mapiri atali.

   The Thai kukhala Thanh Hoa²⁷ ndi Nghe An²⁸ ndipanga pafupifupi 37% yonse Thai kuchuluka. The Muong in Thanh Hoa²⁷ apange pafupifupi 30% ya anthu onse m'gululi. The Tho, gulu laling'ono lokhala ndi anthu pafupifupi 70,000, makamaka amakhala Thanh Hoa²⁷ ndi Nghe An²⁸ (95%). Ambiri mwa opitilira 55,000 Bru-Van Kieu anthu amakhala m'chigawo ziwiri za Quang Ninh²⁹ ndi Quang Tri³⁰.

   Gawo lakummwera la Central Vietnam ndi zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi ndiko kukhazikitsidwa kwa mitundu yaying'ono Omwe Alipo, Bru-Van Kieu, Co Tu, Ta Oi, Gie Trieng, Raglai, ndi Cham. Maguluwa ndi omwe amapanga 5.5% ya anthu akumudziko ndipo ochepera 3% yaanthu onse amitundu yozungulira mdziko muno. Amakhala okhazikika m'malo ena.

   Pafupifupi 98% ya Gulu la Ho Re, 33-36% ya Raglai, 15-16% ya Cham khalani m'derali.

   The Mapiri Akuluakulu khala zigawo: Dak Lak³¹, Dak Nong³², Gia Lai³³, Kon Tum³⁴ ndi Lam Dong³⁵. Awa ndi malo amitundu yoposa 40, kuphatikiza mitundu 12 ya nzika (Gia Rai, E De, Ba Na, Xo Dang, Mnong, Gie Trieng, Ma, Chu Ru, Raglai, Co Ho, Brau, ndi Ro Mam). Kwazaka khumi zapitazi, kusamuka kwa mitundu ina yaying'ono Hmong, Tay, Nung, Dao) Kuchokera Kumpoto zimathandizira kusinthitsa kuchuluka kwa anthu amderali. Apa, mitundu yocheperako imakhala ndi anthu opitilira 33% ya okhala komweko ndipo pafupifupi 13% ya anthu wamba amitundu yonse Vietnam.

   Ln ndi Delta ya Mekong³⁶, mitundu yambiri ing'onoing'ono ndi Khmer (97% yaanthu onse a Khmer) ndi Hoa (23% ya Hoa yonse). The Cham khalani pansi pano zochepa (Anthu 12300, akupanga 10% yaanthu onse a Cham), makamaka mkati An Giang³⁷ Province.

 Kusiyanitsa kwa anthropologic kumabweretsa mitundu yazosiyanasiyana. m'madambo ndi m'madambo, mafuko amalima mpunga wonyowa, ndikukhazikitsa midzi yopambana ndi malo opezekapo ndipo pakati pake ndi nyumba yothandizirana, komanso malo opembedzedwa operekedwa kwa milungu yophunzitsira ya m'mudzimo. Zithunzi zina zambiri zodziwika bwino monga mitengo ya ku Bania, zitsime zam'midzi, njira zazingwe zobiriwira ndi zikondwerero zazikulu ndizodzoza komanso zolimbikitsa kubadwa kwa zovala zazitali zazikazi, zipewa zapinki, zipewa zapamtunda zazitali, quan ho³⁸ nyimbo zachikhalidwe, opera otchuka (adayamba)³⁹ mu Red River Delta⁴⁰, kapena macheza abwino ndi nyimbo za anthu mu Central Vietnam, kapena bulawuti lotayirira lotayirira (ao ba ba)⁴¹ ndi nyimbo zachikhalidwe zophatikizidwa ndi mawu a monochord, zikumveka mu ngalande ndi mitsinje mu Delta ya Mekong³⁶.

  The Kumadzulo chakumadzulo ali ndi chikhalidwe chamitundu yabwino kwambiri komanso mitundu Vietnam. Mitunda yayitali ndi zigwa, matayala akuluakulu amadzi, matope amphepete am'madzi okhala ndi mpunga amawoneka kuti akuwongolera nthawi yake. Minda yoopsya yokutidwa ndi mpunga wachikasu ndi masitepe osatha opita kumwamba kwamtambo kwambiri. Pamapiri a rugger nock mkati Dong Van³⁷ ndi Meo Vac³⁸, anthu amderali amabzala mbewu m'maenje ochepa m'miyala. Njira yolimirayi ikuwonetsa kulimba kwawo kopanda malire komanso kuthekera kwawo kogonjetsera chilengedwe.

  Mu "zokwaniraChuma, atsikana akumapiri, molimbika komanso mwaluso adatha kuluka masiketi, malaya, zofunda zokongoletsa zokongoletsa, ndikupanga mawonekedwe amitundu yosiyana. Nyumba zokhala ndi zomata, nyumba zokhala ndi mipanda yadothi, mabwato olumikizirana, papooses, mahatchi onyamula, ukadaulo wakomweko (stewed com ufa, mpunga womata yophika m'magawo a nsungwi, msuzi wa nyama, zakumwa za mpunga zotengedwa ndi maudzu), misika yamapiri, misika ya chikondi, zikondwerero, miyambo yaulimi, nyimbo zachikhalidwe zakhala zokopa kwenikweni kwa alendo.

  Chikhalidwe cha mafuko ang'onoang'ono mu Mapiri Akuluakulu ili ndi mawonekedwe ake, okhala ndi nyumba zazitali zazitali, nyumba zazitali zazitali ndi zosewerera zomwe zadziwika posachedwapa ndi UNESCO³⁹ monga cholowa cha chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mu fayilo ya Mapiri Akuluakulu, kayaks ndi njovu zothina ndiye njira yayikulu yakunyamulira. Chikhalidwe pano chikuwonetsedwa ndi lithophone⁴⁰ ma seti, klong anaika⁴¹ zune, khan⁴² (nyimbo zachipembedzo) zovala, epics, ndi chongani⁴³ zovina.

Gulu la Mitundu 54 ya Mitundu ku Vietnam

    Kwa zaka zikwizikwi, mitundu yamafuko 53, limodzi ndi việt (Zoyipa) anthu, apanga mgwirizano wamphamvu ndi wamphamvu Banja la Vietnamese. Mu panorama yochulukirapo komanso yosiyanasiyana, zikhalidwe zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndizapadera komanso mitundu yofunika. Chuma chosafanizira chikhalidwe cha gulu lililonse kapena chigawo chilichonse, ngakhale chosiyana ndi zochuluka ndichinthu cha Vietnamese chikhalidwe chomwe chakulimbikitsidwa ndikuwonetsa dziko lapansi.

   Pakadali pano chikhalidwe chimadziwika kuti ndiye maziko ndi chitukuko cha chitukuko cha dziko. Chifukwa chake chithunzi cha a Dziko la Vietnamese of Mitundu 54 izikhala yodziwika ndi mitundu, mawonekedwe amakono ndi kupita patsogolo.

ONANI ZAMBIRI:
◊  KUKHALA KWA ANTHU AKUFUNA 54 ku Vietnam - Gawo 1.
◊  Magulu a ETHNIC GROUPS ku Vietnam- Mawu Oyamba.
◊ Mtundu waku Vietnamese (vi-Ndemanga):  CONG DONG 54 DAN TOC Vietnam - Phan 1.