Viet-Nam, Chitukuko ndi Chikhalidwe - THE TINSMITHS, COINS CASTERS, GOLDSMITHS ndi SILVERSMITHS, TINMEN, BRONZE-FOUNDERS, LOCKSMITHS

Kumenya: 228

Wolemba PIERRE HUARD¹
(Wolemekezeka membala wa École Française d'Extrême-Orient)
ndi MAURICE DURAND²
(Membala wa École Française d'Extrême-Orient³)
Kusinthidwa 3rd edition 1998, Zosagwirizana Nationale Paris,

      THey ankagwira ntchito pa tinplate, zinki ndi malata. Asanafike Occidentals, mafakitale awo anali ongopanga zipewa zazing'ono zokwera, makapu amafuta omwe amakhala ngati nyali, mabokosi okhala ndi opiamu ndi ziwiya zina zingapo. Pambuyo pake, zatenga chitukuko chachikulu. Pamene akugwira ntchito wosula ziboliboli amakhala atakhala pansi kapena kugwada, akugwiritsa ntchito manja ndi mapazi mwamphamvu zomwe zala zazikulu ziwiri, kapena chala chachikulu chala chala chachiwiri ndi chala chachiwiri zidalumikizananso, zimapanga chimphona chamoyo, chonyowa komanso cholimba. Izi zimaloleza kuwonetsa zinthu zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa zomwe zimafunidwa (fayilo, nyundo, dalaivala wa rivet) zogwiridwa ndi manja omwe amakhala opanda ufulu. Potsirizira pake, pa ntchito yodula, nthambi yosasunthika ya akameta ubweya imakhazikika ndi chala chachikulu chakuphazi, pamene dzanja limodzi mwa ziŵirizo limayendetsa nthambi yoyenda ndi dzanja lina [Tsamba 190] limatsogolera pepala lachitsulo lomwe liyenera kudulidwa. Mawu akuti "quặp” limasonyeza lingaliro la kulanda chinthu pakati pa chala chachiwiri ndi chala chachikulu. [Chithunzi patsamba 191]

MA COINS CASTERS

[Chithunzi patsamba 191]  Tndalama zoyamba ndi mipiringidzo ya golide zidaponyedwa ku Hanoi ndi Lưu Xuân Tín, molingana ndi njira yaku China (Tín ankakhala pansi pa Lê Thánh Tôn kutanthauza 1461).
      Tndalama zamakono zoumbidwa ndi kusungunula (koma zosapangidwa) zinali ndi loam wochuluka ndithu wosanganiza ndi zine.
        Tiye kupanga unyolo ndi motere (onaninso kupanga ndalama (sapèques) mu Revue Indochinoise, 1900).

1. Kuumba mchenga;
2. Kuphatikizika kwa zinc;
3. Kuponyera zitsulo zosungunuka mu nkhungu;
4. Kusankha ndalama zachitsulo zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito.

MASOMPHENYA A GOLDS NDI SILVERSMITS

     TOmwe amasamalira osula golide ndi abale atatu a Trần Hòa, Trần Điện ndi Trần Điền omwe adaphunzira luso lawo ku China chazaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi.

    A chifuwa chaching'ono chokhala ndi zotungira, chokhala ndi zinthu zamtengo wapatali ndi zinthu zomwe akugwirapo, ndipo chimathetsedwa ndi mvuvu yopingasa yokhala ndi pisitoni (ayi bw) zokwanira golide ndi siliva wamwambo. Chitoliro cha mvuvucho chotuluka pachifuwa chimalandiridwa mu dzenje lokumbidwa pansi. Njerwa ziwiri ndi makala ochepa zimapanga ng'anjo. Chida chachitsulo chokhala ndi matabwa (búa và), zozokotedwa, matabwa ochepa komanso kavalo kakang'ono amamaliza zida zaukadaulozi. Kupatula mphete zochepa (mphete zamtengo wapatali kapena maulalo a unyolo), kunalibe kupanga zinthu zazikulu. Zodzikongoletsera zonse zimapangidwa ndi siliva kapena ma sheet a golide, ochulukirapo kapena ocheperako, opangidwa ndi repoussé, owoneka bwino kapena osindikizidwa mosavuta akafunsidwa zazitsulo zoyera popanda aloyi. Miyala yagolide yoviikidwa imamizidwa mumtsuko wowiritsa komanso wokhazikika, kaya wamaluwa a sophora (ayikapena tai chua pericarp (Garcinia pedunclata). Kenako, wina amawatsuka m’bafa lotentha kwambiri la sulufule. [Chithunzi patsamba 191]

TINMEN

      TWolowa m'malo ndi Phạm Ngọc Thành yemwe adayambitsa njira zaku China ku North Vietnam chazaka za 1518.
      [Chithunzi patsamba 192] TMiphika yophikira mpunga yopangidwa ndi mkuwa wosunthidwa, yokhala ndi makhonde aluso okhazikika mosinthana, imatsimikizira njira yabwino, yosiyidwa ndi odziwa bwino.

OPANDA OBWERA

     Twolowa m'malo ndi bonze Khổng Lộ yemwe adaphunzira kusungunuka kwa mkuwa ku China ndikufalitsa njira yake ku North Vietnam kupita ku 1226. Zinthu zakunja zakunja ziyenera kudziwika monga za Jean de la Croix, hybreed wa Portugal, woyambitsa mizinga ku Huế (zaka za zana la 18). Kutayika kwa sera kusungunuka kwakhala kolemekezeka nthawi zonse. Chifaniziro cha Trần Vũ (pagoda amatchedwanso kuti Great Buddha ku Hanoi) ndi ma dynastical urns mu Huế kusonyeza luso la vietnamese bronze-founders (onaninso Chochod, Njira zoyambira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Annam, mu BEFEO, IX, 155).

ZINTHU ZONSE

      SChikhalidwe cha inoid chimadziwa zotchingira ndi zotchingira masika, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutseka mipando yayikulu. Mu chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha Vietnamese, zotchingira sizikudziwika ndipo zipata za nyumba zimatsekedwa ndi kutsekereza, pogwiritsa ntchito mipiringidzo yamatabwa.

zolemba

+ J. Silvestre. Mfundo zogwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza ndi kugawa ndalama ndi mendulo za Annam ndi French Cochin-china (Saigon, Imprimerie nationale, 1883).
+ GB Glover. Mambale a ndalama zachitsulo zaku China, Annamese, Japan, Korea, zandalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zithumwa za boma la China komanso zolemba zapadera. (Noronha ndi Co Hongkong, 1895).

+ Lemire. Zojambula zakale komanso zamakono ndi zipembedzo za Indochina (Paris, Chalamel). Msonkhano wopangidwa pa Dec. 29 ku Sociéte francaise des Ingénieurs coloniaux.
+ Pezani Lacroix. Annamese numismatics, 1900.
+ Posachedwa. Makampani a Joss-stick ku Tonquin, mu Revue Indochinoise, 1910-1911.

+ Cordier. Pazojambula za annamese, mu Revue Indochinoise, 1912.
+ Marcel Bernanose. Ogwira ntchito zaluso ku Tonquin (Kukongoletsa zitsulo, Zodzikongoletsera), mu Revue Indochinoise, Ns 20, July–December 1913, p. 279–290.
+ A. Barbotin. Makampani opanga ma firecrackers ku Tonquin, mu Bulletin Economique de l'Indochine, September–October 1913.

+ R. Orband. Zojambulajambula za Minh Mạng, mu BAVH, 1914.
+ L. Cadière. Art ku Huế, mu BAVH, 1919.
+ M. Bernanose. Zojambulajambula ku Tonquin, Paris, 1922.
+ C. Gravelle. Zithunzi za Annamese, mu BAVH, 1925.

+ Albert Durier. Kukongoletsa kwa Annamese, Paris 1926.
+ Beaucarnot (Claude). Ceramic teknoloji yogwiritsira ntchito zigawo za ceramic za sukulu zaluso ku Indochina, Hanoi, 1930.
+ Ndi Gilbert. Makampani ku Annam, mu BAVH, 1931.
+ Lemasoni. Zambiri za njira zoweta nsomba ku delta ya tonquinese, 1993, tsamba 707.

+ H. Gourdon. Zithunzi za Annam, Paris, 1933.
+ Thân Trọng Khôi. Mawilo okweza a Quảng Nam ndi paddles norias of Thừa Thiên, 1935, tsa. 349.
+ Guilleminet. Norias wa Quảng Ngãi, mu BAVH, 1926.
+ Guilleminet. Zokonzekera za soya muzakudya za Annamese, mu Bulletin économique de l'Indochine, 1935.
+ L. Feunteun. Kuswa mazira a bakha ku Cochinchina, mu Bulletin Economique de l'Indochine, 1935, p. 231.

[214]

+ Rudolf P. Hummel. China pa ntchito, 1937.
+ Wachifundo, Zida za amisiri a Annamese, mu BEFEO, 1937.
+ RPY Laubie. Zithunzi zotchuka ku Tonquin, mu BAVH, 1931.
+ P. Gouro. Makampani akumudzi ku Tonquinese delta, International Congress of Geography, 1938.

+ P. Gouro. Mtengo wa anise waku China ku Tonquin (communiqué of Agriculture Services in Tonquin), 1938, p. 966.
+ Ch. Zovuta. Zokambirana pamakalasi ogwira ntchito ku Tonquin, 1939.
+ G. de Coral Remusat. Zojambula za Annamese, zojambula zachisilamu, ku Extreme-Orient, Paris, 1939.
+ Nguyễn Văn Tố. Nkhope yamunthu muzojambula za annamese, mu CEFEO, N°18, 1^st trimester 1939.

+ Henri Bouchon. Makasitomala ogwirira ntchito kwawomwe komanso ntchito zamanja zowonjezera, ku Indochine, 26 sept. 1940.
+ X… - Charles Crevost. Kanema wa tonquinese Working class, ku Indochine, Juni 15, 1944.
+ Công nghệ thiệt hành (mafakitale ogwira ntchito), ku Revue de Vulgarisation, Saigon, 1940.
+ Passignat. Masters-Iacquerers aku Hanoi, mu Indochine February 6, 1941.

+ Passignat. Lacquer, mu Indochine, Dec. 25, 1941.
+ Passignat. Ivory, mu Indochine, January 15, 1942.
+ Serene (R.) Njira yachikhalidwe yachi Annamese: Woodcut, ku Indochine, Oct. 1st, 1942.
+ Nguyễn Xuân Nghi wotchedwa Từ Lâm, Lược khảo mỹ thuật Việt Nam (Outline of Vietnamese Art), Hanoi, Thuỵ-ký printinghouse, 1942.

+ L. Bezacier. Essay pa zaluso za Annamese, Hanoi, 1944.
+ Paul Boudet. Pepala la Annamese, mu Indochine, Jan. 27 ndi Feb. 17, 1944.
+ Mạnh Quỳnh. Chiyambi ndi tanthauzo lamitengo yotchuka ya Tet, mu Indochine, Feb. 10, 1945.
+ Crevost et Petelot. Catalogue yazogulitsa ku Indochina,mmodzi VI. Tannins ndi tinctorials (1941). [Maina aku Vietnamese azinthu zaperekedwa].

+ Aug. Chevalier. Kuwerengera koyamba kwamitengo ndi zinthu zina zankhalango za Tonquin, Hanoi, Ideo, 1919. (Maina a Vietnamese amaperekedwa).
+ Lecomte. Mitengo ya Indochina, Agence Economique de l'Indochine, Paris, 1926.
+ R. Bulteau. Zolemba pakupanga miphika m'chigawo cha Bình Định, mu BAVH, 1927, p. 149 ndi 184 (ali ndi mndandanda wabwino wa mbiya zosiyanasiyana za Sungani ndi mafanizo awo komanso maina awo akumaloko).
+ Zowonongeka. Abacus waku China, mu Sud-Est, 1951.

zolemba :
Chitsime: Connaisance du Viet Nam, PIERRE HUARD & MAURICE DURAND, Revised 3rd Edition 1998, Zosagwirizana Nationale Paris, École Française D'Extrême-Orient, Hanoi - Wotanthauziridwa ndi VU THIEN KIM - NGUYEN PHAN ST Minh Nhat's Archives.
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