Viet-Nam, Chitukuko ndi Chikhalidwe - ZOPHUNZITSA

Kumenya: 196

Wolemba PIERRE HUARD¹
(Wolemekezeka membala wa École Française d'Extrême-Orient)
ndi MAURICE DURAND²
(Membala wa École Française d'Extrême-Orient³)
Kusinthidwa 3rd edition 1998, Zosagwirizana Nationale Paris,

     Beside iwo odzipereka okha ku alimentation ndi njira zovala (onani mitu XIV, XV, XVI), amisiri akhoza kugawidwa motere:

1 ° Amisiri ogwira ntchito pazitsulo (ma tinmen, bronze-founder, jewellers, nielists, coins casters, opanga zida);
2 ° Amisiri a ceramic (oumba, oumba dothi, oumba zadothi, oumba matayala, oumba njerwa);
3 ° Amisiri akugwira ntchito pamatabwa (ophatikiza, opanga makabati, akalipentala, osindikiza, opanga mapepala, akalipentala am'madzi, osema);
4° Amisiri akugwira ntchito za nsalu (owomba thonje, jute, oluka nsalu za thonje kapena silika, osoka madengu, osoka matanga, opanga zingwe, opanga ma parasol, opanga mphasa, opanga matumba, opanga osawona, opanga zipewa, opanga malaya ndi opanga ma hammock);

5 ° Amisiri amisiri omwe amagwira ntchito pachikopa (zofufuta ndi osoka nsapato);
6 ° Amisiri a Lacquerware;
7 ° Ojambula amitengo ndi miyala;
8 ° Amisiri ogwira ntchito pazigoba, nyanga ndi minyanga;
9° Amisiri akupanga zinthu zolambirira.

     A ochuluka mwa amisiriwa anali antchito aufulu. Koma a Khothi la Huế sanasiyanitse wojambulayo ndi mmisiriyo ndipo anali ndi zokambirana zenizeni zaboma zomwe zinali ndi opeta, opaka, opaka, opaka utoto, osema, osema minyanga ya njovu ndi zodzikongoletsera.

     VZida za ietnamese ndizosavuta, zopepuka, zosavuta kupanga, zosinthidwa bwino ndi zovuta zomwe mmisiri wanzeru amayenera kuthana nazo pokhala woleza mtima komanso osayesa kuwononga nthawi yake.

      Sogwira ntchito ndi mabawuti nthawi zambiri amasinthidwa ndi ngodya zamatabwa. Zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano ndi: ma levers, trestles, wedges wodula nkhuni, weding press, [Tsamba 188] mawilo a mano, ma axle-tree ndi ma locomotory wheels, hydraulic force (mphero zamadzi, mankhusu a mpunga), ma motors oyendetsa anthu, ma harrows, mawilo ang'onoang'ono ndi ma pistoni (chomwe chiyambi chake chinkawoneka ngati chikubwerera ku chikhalidwe chakum'mwera chakum'maŵa komwe chikhalidwe cha sino-vietnamese chikanakhala chapadera).

     Mercier watsindika bwino za zida izi. Koma, ife tiri kutali ndi, pa phunziro ili, chofanana ndi Rudolf Hummer waku China kuntchito.

     Copalasa pansi ndi nthawi yomweyo amalonda. Monga Aroma ndi anthu aku Europe akale, amasunga maakaunti awo osagwiritsa ntchito zowerengera zolembera ndi inki. Kuwerengera kotereku kudasinthidwa ndi abacus yaku China. Mmodzi amatengera Luong The Vinh (dokotala mu 1463) ntchito ya masamu yakuti "Toan pháp đại thành" (Njira yowerengera kwathunthu) uku kukadakhala kusinthidwa kwa buku ndi Vũ Hũu, mmodzi wa anthu a m’nthaŵi yake, akuchiritsa anthu pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa abacus. Amalonda aku China amagwiritsabe ntchito abacus, koma anzawo aku Vietnam akuwoneka kuti asiya. Despierres wachita kafukufuku waposachedwapa.

    Shop-zizindikiro nthawi zina zimasonyeza mayina eni ake. Nthawi zambiri amangopanga dzina lamalonda lokha, lokhala ndi awiri, nthawi zina a zilembo zitatu zaku China (kapena zolemba zawo zachilatini) amaonedwa ngati zabwino.

    Tiye khalidwe xương (zolemba zaku China tch'ang) zomwe zikutanthauza kuti "kukongola” ndi “kutukuka” amapereka Vĩnh Phát Xương “Kulemera kwamuyaya” kapena Mỹ Xương "kukongola kokongola". Mayina ena amalonda mwina Vạn Bảo (miyala zikwi khumi), Đại Hưng (kukula kwakukulu), Quý Ký (chizindikiro cholemekezeka) ndi Yên Thành (perfect peace).
A machitidwe a kaŵirikaŵiri pakati pa amalonda anali a đõt vía đốt van.

      Colembetsa akhoza kukhala nawo nthawi imodzi ndi lanh or ndi izi (moyo wabwino, moyo wabwino), pa nthawi ina ku xu or vía dữ (miyoyo yoipa, yoipa). Ngati mtima wa kasitomala woyamba uli zoipa or dữ amatuluka mu shopu osagula kalikonse, atatha kukambirana kwa nthawi yayitali, motero, makasitomala otsatirawa akhoza kumutsanzira bwino.

     IZikatero, mwini sitoloyo ayenera kuletsa tsokalo podula ndi kuwotcha tiziduswa tating'ono zisanu ndi ziwiri za chipewa chake ngati kasitomala ndi mwamuna, ndi zidutswa zisanu ndi zinayi, ngati kasitomala ndi mkazi. Iye amatchula nthawi yomweyo mawu otsatirawa:

             Đốt vía, đốt van, đốt thằng gan, đốt con rắn ruột, lành vía thì ở, dữ vía đi.
         "Ndiwotcha mizimu, ndimawotcha munthu wouma mtima, mkazi wankhanza mtima, ndikulakalaka kuti mizimu yabwino itsalira ndipo zoyipa zidzachoka.. "

       Achifukwa cha zikhulupiriro zomwezo, nthawi iliyonse akayamba opaleshoni, achifwamba amapha munthu woyamba wodutsa yemwe amakumana naye.

zolemba

+ J. Silvestre. Mfundo zogwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza ndi kugawa ndalama ndi mendulo za Annam ndi French Cochin-china (Saigon, Imprimerie nationale, 1883).
+ GB Glover. Mambale a ndalama zachitsulo zaku China, Annamese, Japan, Korea, zandalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zithumwa za boma la China komanso zolemba zapadera. (Noronha ndi Co Hongkong, 1895).

+ Lemire. Zojambula zakale komanso zamakono ndi zipembedzo za Indochina (Paris, Chalamel). Msonkhano wopangidwa pa Dec. 29 ku Sociéte francaise des Ingénieurs coloniaux.
+ Pezani Lacroix. Annamese numismatics, 1900.
+ Posachedwa. Makampani a Joss-stick ku Tonquin, mu Revue Indochinoise, 1910-1911.

+ Cordier. Pazojambula za annamese, mu Revue Indochinoise, 1912.
+ Marcel Bernanose. Ogwira ntchito zaluso ku Tonquin (Kukongoletsa zitsulo, Zodzikongoletsera), mu Revue Indochinoise, Ns 20, July–December 1913, p. 279–290.
+ A. Barbotin. Makampani opanga ma firecrackers ku Tonquin, mu Bulletin Economique de l'Indochine, September–October 1913.

+ R. Orband. Zojambulajambula za Minh Mạng, mu BAVH, 1914.
+ L. Cadière. Art ku Huế, mu BAVH, 1919.
+ M. Bernanose. Zojambulajambula ku Tonquin, Paris, 1922.
+ C. Gravelle. Zithunzi za Annamese, mu BAVH, 1925.

+ Albert Durier. Kukongoletsa kwa Annamese, Paris 1926.
+ Beaucarnot (Claude). Ceramic teknoloji yogwiritsira ntchito zigawo za ceramic za sukulu zaluso ku Indochina, Hanoi, 1930.
+ Ndi Gilbert. Makampani ku Annam, mu BAVH, 1931.
+ Lemasoni. Zambiri za njira zoweta nsomba ku delta ya tonquinese, 1993, tsamba 707.

+ H. Gourdon. Zithunzi za Annam, Paris, 1933.
+ Thân Trọng Khôi. Mawilo okweza a Quảng Nam ndi paddles norias of Thừa Thiên, 1935, tsa. 349.
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+ Guilleminet. Zokonzekera za soya muzakudya za Annamese, mu Bulletin économique de l'Indochine, 1935.
+ L. Feunteun. Kuswa mazira a bakha ku Cochinchina, mu Bulletin Economique de l'Indochine, 1935, p. 231.

[214]

+ Rudolf P. Hummel. China pa ntchito, 1937.
+ Wachifundo, Zida za amisiri a Annamese, mu BEFEO, 1937.
+ RPY Laubie. Zithunzi zotchuka ku Tonquin, mu BAVH, 1931.
+ P. Gouro. Makampani akumudzi ku Tonquinese delta, International Congress of Geography, 1938.

+ P. Gouro. Mtengo wa anise waku China ku Tonquin (communiqué of Agriculture Services in Tonquin), 1938, p. 966.
+ Ch. Zovuta. Zokambirana pamakalasi ogwira ntchito ku Tonquin, 1939.
+ G. de Coral Remusat. Zojambula za Annamese, zojambula zachisilamu, ku Extreme-Orient, Paris, 1939.
+ Nguyễn Văn Tố. Nkhope yamunthu muzojambula za annamese, mu CEFEO, N°18, 1^st trimester 1939.

+ Henri Bouchon. Makasitomala ogwirira ntchito kwawomwe komanso ntchito zamanja zowonjezera, ku Indochine, 26 sept. 1940.
+ X… - Charles Crevost. Kanema wa tonquinese Working class, ku Indochine, Juni 15, 1944.
+ Công nghệ thiệt hành (mafakitale ogwira ntchito), ku Revue de Vulgarisation, Saigon, 1940.
+ Passignat. Masters-Iacquerers aku Hanoi, mu Indochine February 6, 1941.

+ Passignat. Lacquer, mu Indochine, Dec. 25, 1941.
+ Passignat. Ivory, mu Indochine, January 15, 1942.
+ Serene (R.) Njira yachikhalidwe yachi Annamese: Woodcut, ku Indochine, Oct. 1st, 1942.
+ Nguyễn Xuân Nghi wotchedwa Từ Lâm, Lược khảo mỹ thuật Việt Nam (Outline of Vietnamese Art), Hanoi, Thuỵ-ký printinghouse, 1942.

+ L. Bezacier. Essay pa zaluso za Annamese, Hanoi, 1944.
+ Paul Boudet. Pepala la Annamese, mu Indochine, Jan. 27 ndi Feb. 17, 1944.
+ Mạnh Quỳnh. Chiyambi ndi tanthauzo lamitengo yotchuka ya Tet, mu Indochine, Feb. 10, 1945.
+ Crevost et Petelot. Catalogue yazogulitsa ku Indochina,mmodzi VI. Tannins ndi tinctorials (1941). [Maina aku Vietnamese azinthu zaperekedwa].

+ Aug. Chevalier. Kuwerengera koyamba kwamitengo ndi zinthu zina zankhalango za Tonquin, Hanoi, Ideo, 1919. (Maina a Vietnamese amaperekedwa).
+ Lecomte. Mitengo ya Indochina, Agence Economique de l'Indochine, Paris, 1926.
+ R. Bulteau. Zolemba pakupanga miphika m'chigawo cha Bình Định, mu BAVH, 1927, p. 149 ndi 184 (ali ndi mndandanda wabwino wa mbiya zosiyanasiyana za Sungani ndi mafanizo awo komanso maina awo akumaloko).
+ Zowonongeka. Abacus waku China, mu Sud-Est, 1951.

zolemba :
Chitsime: Connaisance du Viet Nam, PIERRE HUARD & MAURICE DURAND, Revised 3rd Edition 1998, Zosagwirizana Nationale Paris, École Française D'Extrême-Orient, Hanoi - Wotanthauziridwa ndi VU THIEN KIM - NGUYEN PHAN ST Minh Nhat's Archives.
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