VIETNAM, CIVILIZATION NDI CULTURE - CHOYAMBITSA
Kumenya: 735
Wolemba PIERRE HUARD1
ndi MAURICE DURAND2
École Française D'Extrême-Orient3, Hanoi.
Amoyo wa nimal wangokhala kusintha kwachindunji ndi kotsimikizika ku malo omwe amasiya zonse momwe zilili. Ndi munthu, kuti "kukhala wapadera“Sikuti kumangotengera anthu wamba komanso kuwukira, mwachitsanzo, kupangira zinthu zakuthupi ndikuganiza zauzimu zomwe cholinga chake ndi kutsimikizira kukhazikika kwa magulu aanthu ndikuletsa kuwachotsa ku nkhanza. Chifukwa chake, chitukuko ndi chikhalidwe ndizoyenera kubadwa.
Civilization imayimira njira zonse, zopanga ndi zopezedwa zomwe anthu amalinganiza moyo wawo wakunja. Ku chikhalidwe, pachokha moyo wamtundu wina ndi kukongoletsa zosangalatsa zake, zimalumikizidwa ndi zolengedwa zingapo zodziyimira pawokha za zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe gulu limayesetsa kuwonetsa zizolowezi zake zamkati, zosowa zauzimu ndi malingaliro a chilengedwe.
EChitukuko chilichonse chimakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, momwe amakhalira ndi kufa, moyo wake komanso chikhalidwe chake. Ulemu wa munthu ndi luntha sizingayesedwe ndi moyo wapamwamba, motero, chitukuko chapamwamba kwambiri chikhoza kugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chapakati. Pamenepa, pali kunyozeka ndi kunyozeka kwa chidziwitso kuti afalikire kwa anthu ambiri. Chikhalidwe chapamwamba sichivomereza kunyoza. Imakweza amuna pamwamba pawo kuti akhale ochuluka momwe angathere kuti afikire chisangalalo chamalingaliro. Itha kukhala ngati gawo laling'ono lachitonthozo chakuthupi chokhala ndi zizolowezi za ascetical. Iyi ndi nkhani ya Vietnam ndi la anthu osauka ndi okhala kudera lakumpoto lakumidzi. Monga P. GOROU4 yanena kuti, "ngakhale ili ndi mavuto ake, sikuti imangokhala mosadukiza, ndipo ngakhale idachita kufunafuna mopepuka phindu lochepa komanso kuvomereza modzichepetsa ntchito yomwe silingagonjetsedwe, idakhala ndi chitukuko chabwino komanso chanzeru, chosowa ambiri mayiko otukuka kwambiri, komanso chikhalidwe cha Chinese kudzoza kufananizidwa ndi zikhalidwe zonse zazikulu zakale.
The Vietnamese Chikhalidwe ndi Chitukuko Chifukwa chake amapanga chilengedwe chonse chomwe Vietnamese ali ndi laimu yemweyo, opanga ndi zolengedwa. Atadziphatika kwa iwo, adati chitukuko ndi chikhalidwe zimadzilowetsa m'nthawi yazakale ndikukhala, kwa nzika komanso alendo, "dziko lodziwika ndi aliyense”Wotchulidwa ndi ARISTOTLE5, chimango chochita zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapangidwira Vietnam mkati mwake aliyense ayenera kudzizindikiritsa Ngati chizindikiritsochi sichikwanira, pali kusiyana pakati pa munthuyo ndi izi "dziko wamba”Komanso zomwe zimayambitsa mikangano sizingapeweke.
Vulgarizing mfundo zofunika za Chitukuko cha Vietnamese ndi Chikhalidwe chomwe phunziroli lakhala lokakamiza onse Franco - Vietnamese Masukulu digiri yoyamba ndi yachiwiri ingatanthauze kuthandiza kumvetsetsa gawo la "dziko“. Tentalives zachitika motere ndipo tili ndi ngongole kwa Mr. NGUYEN VAN HUYEN6 imodzi mwazabwino kwambiri. Alibe cholinga chofuna kuyambiranso ntchito yake. Podikirira kulembedwa ndi Ophunzira aku Vietnamese a Buku la Vietnamese, ntchito yomwe yakhala yofunika kwambiri, cholinga chathu ndikungopereka chida chogwira ntchito kwa anthu onse omwe akufuna kudziwa chikhalidwe Vietnam ankakhala m'mbuyomu.
Waphatikiza kufunikira kwakukulu io iconography. Ntchito zazikuluzikulu za HENRI J. OGER7 (1908) ndi JG BESSON8 (1938) atithandiza pang'ono. Tatulutsa ziwonetsero zathu zochulukirapo kuchokera kuzinthu zakumaso za GEORGES DUMOUTIER9 (1850-1904), kapena kuchokera ku chreslomalhy a ED. NORDEMANN10 (1914), komanso kuchokera kwa a Maphunziro a chilankhulo cha Vietnamese wa TISSOT11. Ziwerengero zawo, zomwe zimakhala ndi zojambula zowoneka bwino, zimaperekapo zambiri Khalidwe la Vietnamese.
Ontchito yanu idayimitsidwa mwakufuna kumayambiriro kwa 20th zana, pakanthawi komwe monga onse Zikhalidwe zaku Asia, ndi Chitukuko cha Vietnamese adamizidwa ndi a West. Pa nthawiyo, Chuma cha Vietnamese anali okondwerera ndipo, popeza zaka wani mpaka XNUMX zapitazo zinali zitadutsa kale Neolithic, siteji yolowera m'malo ozungulira Zamalonda. Kuyika kwanyumba yamalori pang'onopang'ono ndi kwa ogulitsa akunja kwa zinthu zam'deralo, zomwe zimadyedwa ndi opanga, kwadzaukira. Vietnam komanso mkati Europe, kukhazikika kwa mabungwe akumidzi omwe adakhalako okha ndi moyo komanso luso lomwe lidachokera ku kukuzika kwa prehistory (KUSINTHA13).
UPotengera kuyambiranso kwa mawonekedwe awo akunja, mapoto ofunikira achikhalidwe adangobwezedwa ndi kupwetekedwa mtima kowopsa. Chithumwa cha nyengo yodalira dziko, chofotokozedwa mu "bambo ndi mayi ''oyang'anira, hud adasokonezedwa, the Vietnamese "psyche”Wadabwitsika kwambiri pomwe kusinthaku komanso nkhondo yapachiweniweni zidawonjezera mawu. Sitiyenera kuchita tokha pano ndi izi. Tiyenera kungodzifunsa ngati, mothandizidwa ndi zokumana nazo izi, kodi Chikhalidwe cha Vietnamese kukhala okhoza, monga chitukuko chakumadzulo chakhala chikuchita kuyambira chitunda chambiri, kuti adzifotokozere nokha zenizeni.
DKodi zimazindikira kuti imodzi mwa ntchito za umunthu ndi pulasitiki, kulengedwa kosatha kwa zikhalidwe zatsopano za chikhalidwe kupyolera mu kusintha kwa zochitika m'madera onse: sayansi, maganizo, zokongoletsa, zachipembedzo ndi zamakono?
It mwina, chifukwa ambiri Vietnamese aluso adadzudzula mokhazikika kuti alowetse miyambo yawo, nkuwasintha kukhala phunziro.
Tkugwiritsa ntchito njira zasayansi sikukutanthauza kuthetseratu chipembedzo ndi chopatulika, kuchotsa koteroko kwatsimikizira kukhala koopsa. Chifukwa sichimapanga mitu yakeyake. Il amawalandira kuchokera ku Nthano, njira ya chidziwitso chokhudza, chofanana ndi chidziwitso chanzeru chomwe chimamaliza. Pakadali pano Vietnamese osankhika akuyenera kutsimikizira magawo onse azikhalidwe zawo, "osati kukana chikhalidwe chakumadzulo, koma kuti alandire chowonadi ndikuchiyesa, kuchigwiritsa ntchito ngati chakudya m'malo mwakusintha kukhala cholemetsa, ndikuphunzira chikhalidwe chimenecho koma osakhala m'malire ake, monga owerenga mawu ndi olemba mabuku (Malingaliro a kampani RABINDRANATH TAGORE14). Ophunzira oterowo amayeneranso kumvetsetsa kufunikira kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo pakukhudzana ndi amuna omwe ali munthawiyo.
On malingaliro awa, Wachi Vietnamese mafunde amapezeka, pakadali pano, m'malo abwino kwambiri kuti apatse zinthu zomwe zasiyidwa ndi chitukuko chawo momwe amafunikira. Koma njira zamakanidwe ndi chitukuko sizimachita nawo. Amatha, kutengera momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito kumasula malingaliro athu pazomangika zawo ndi moyo wakuthupi komanso amuna opanda chidetso.
Tiye nkhawa nthawi zonse, kuti Chikhalidwe cha Vietnamese abodza omwe adawonetsedwa zaka mazana ambiri, kuti asatengere chuma chakunja (Hindu, Chinese, Cham kapena Western) osayesa kukakamiza umunthu wake kukhala wapadera, imapanga chitsimikizo kuti imakhala yolumikizana mokwanira kukana zovuta zakunja ndikupitilizabe kulumikizana komwe idakhazikitsa pakati pa Mphamvu zitatu zachilengedwe (Tamu tai): Kumwamba, Dziko lapansi ndi Munthu.
ZIMENE BAIBULO LIMAPHUNZITSA :
+ H. OGER. Chidziwitso chambiri pakuphunzira kwa njira ya anthu a annamese, nkhani yokhudza moyo wakuthupi, zaluso ndi mafakitale a anthu a Annam, Paris, Geuthner, 1908.
+ ED. NORDEMANN. Annamese chrestomathy, Hanoi 1914.
+ JULES G. BESSON. Zojambulajambula za Indochina (Tonquin, Annam, Cochinchina), Paris Geuthner, 1938.
+ H. TISSOT. Maphunziro apamwamba a Annamese, Hanoi 1910.
+ NGUYEN VAN HUYEN. Chitukuko cha Annamese, Hanoi 1943.
+ A. VARAGNAC. Chitukuko cha chikhalidwe ndi mtundu wa moyo, Paris, 1948.
zolemba :
Gwero: Connaisance du Viet Nam, PIERRE HUARD & MAURICE DURAND, Revised 3rd Edition 1998, Zosagwirizana Nationale Paris, École Française D'Extrême-Orient, Hanoi - Wotanthauziridwa ndi VU THIEN KIM - NGUYEN PHAN ST Minh Nhat's Archives.
◊ Mutu wamutu, chithunzi cha sepia ndi mawu onse otchulidwa adakhazikitsidwa ndi Ban Tu Thu - adhanso.biz
ONANI ZAMBIRI :
◊ Connaisance du Viet Nam - Mtundu woyambirira - fr.VersiGoo
◊ Connaisance du Viet Nam - Vietnamese version - vi.VersiGoo
◊ Connaisance du Viet Nam - Zonse za VersiGoo (Chijapani, Chirasha, Chiromania, Chisipanishi, Chikorea, ...