CHAU DOC - Cochinchina

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MARCEL BERNANOISE¹

Ine

Ili kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Cochin-China, dera la Chaudoc [Châu Đốc] womangidwa kumpoto ndi kumadzulo ndi Kingdom of Cambodia, kumwera, ndi zigawo za Wosangalatsa [Hà Tiên] ndi Rachgia [Rạch Giá], ndipo kum'mawa, ndi zigawo za Longxuyen [Long Xuyên] ndi Tanani [Tân An].

CHIWERE

Chigawochi, chomwe chili ndi pafupifupi mahekitala 275.876, chimapangidwa ndi chigwa chachikulu kwambiri, chomwe chili ndi mapiri asanu ndi awiri, pomwe mbali yayitali Zakudyazi [Núi Cấm] (880m), mtunda wa 40km kuchokera mumzinda waukulu. Pafupi ndi tawuni yayikulu, ndi Ndi Sam [Núi Sam], phiri laling'ono kwambiri, lalitali mamita 232, pamsonkhano womwe Sanatorium inamangidwa mu 1896.

ZOKHUDZA

Nthambi ziwiri za mtsinje wa Mekong zimadutsa m'mbali zonse za chigawochi, zomwe zilinso ndi ngalande ziwiri zazikulu, Vinh Te [Vĩnh Tế] ngalande iyamba kuchokera Chaudoc [Châu Đốc] akutsikira pomwe 900m adalumikizana ndi Bassac Mtsinje wa [Bassac] kumpoto kwa tawuniyo, ndikupitilira kum'mawa, kudutsa chigwa chachikulu cha Jones, kudutsa pakati pa mapiri awiri, Nui Cau [Núi Cậu] ndi Ndi Tabec [Núi Ta Béc], ndipo amathera m'mudzi wa Chen Thanh. The Vinh An [Vĩnh An] ngalande yolumikiza Bassac [Bassac] mtsinje wokhala ndi nthambi imodzi ya Mekong [Mê Kông] mtsinje, kuyambira Phumsoai [Phum Soài], umathera pamudzi wa Long Phu [Long Phú], 100m kuchokera pamsika wa Tanchau [Tân Châu]. Kutalika kwake ndi 17km ndipo 15 mita mulifupi.

nyengo

Nyengo ya Chaudoc [Châu Đốc] ndiwathanzi, ndipo kutentha kumasiyana pakati pa 18 ndi 26 degrees centigrade. Imakhala ndimvula yamvula kuyambira Meyi mpaka Okutobala.

NJIRA

Chigawochi chimaphatikizidwa ndi njira zingapo, zophatikizira njira zachikoloni Chaudoc [Châu Đốc] kuti Longxuyen [Long Xuyên] (sanatsegulidwebe traffic), a Chaudoc [Châu Đốc] kuti Wosangalatsa [Hà Tiên] njira, ndi njira zachigawo kuchokera Chaudoc [Châu Đốc] kuti Zamgululi [Tịnh Biên], ndi kuchokera Chaudoc [Châu Đốc] kuti Tanchau [Tân Châu]. Tawuni yayikulu ndi 177km kuchokera Pnom Penh [Pnôm Pênh], 127km kuchokera Wosangalatsa [Hà Tiên], 112km kuchokera ku Bockor, ndi 270km kuchokera Saigon [Sài Gòn]. Pamene Longxuyen [Long Xuyên] kuti Sadeki Njira ya [Sa Đéc] yatsegulidwa, Saigon [Sài Gòn] amangokhala 225km kuchokera mumzinda waukulu.

II. Gawo Loyang'anira

Chigawo cha Chaudoc [Châu Đốc] wagawidwa m'magulu 12, opangidwa kukhala zigawo 4 zoyang'anira, pomwe mutu wake umayikidwa woyang'anira wamkulu waboma. Madera anayi ndi:

nthumwi za Chauphu [Châu Phu];
icho cha Tanchau [Tân Châu];
icho cha Zamgululi [Tịnh Biên];
icho cha Triton [Tri Tôn].

III. Economical Yachuma

ZABWINO

Chigawochi chitha kugawidwa m'magawo awiri, zigawo zonama zochepa komanso zigawo za mapiri. Mpunga ndi chimanga ndizo zimapanga kulima kwakukulu,

a) Mpunga: Mpunga udakuliramo Chaudoc [Châu Đốc] ndi wamitundu yosiyanasiyana: mpunga "munthawi yake" mpunga "woyamba", mpunga "mochedwa" ndi mpunga "maluwa". Mpunga "munthawi yake", kapena lua-mua, ndiofesanso m'maboma ena a Cochin-China. Mpunga uwu ukhoza kulimidwa kokha m'chigawo cha lYiton, popeza nthaka iyi siidzasefukira ndi mtsinje wa Mekong. Mpunga "wopanda pake", kapena lua-sa, wochokera ku Siam zaka 12 zapitazo, akuphatikiza mitundu ingapo, yotchulidwa ndi mayina apadera, kaya dziko lomwe adachokera, kapena mawonekedwe a mbewu, kapena nthawi yamaluwa, kapena kukula kwake. Chodabwitsa cha mpunga uwu ndikuti imafalikira posachedwa popanda ntchito ina iliyonse kupatula kuwotchera namsongole m'minda isanafesere. Palibe nthaka Chaudoc [Châu Đốc] amayeneradi kulima mpunga “woyamba”, kapena lua-som, wotchedwa bwino Lua Ba Trang [Lụa Bà Trăng]. Kulima mpunga uku kumangoyesedwa madzi osefukira atatha. Mpunga wa "Late", kapena lua-gian, umakulidwanso m'maboma omwe amasefukira chaka chilichonse, munthawi yomwe madzi atha,

b) Chimanga: Pambuyo pa mpunga, kulima chimanga ndikosangalatsa kwambiri. Amabzalidwe kwambiri pena paliponse, koma makamaka m'maboma a Tanchau [Tân Châu] ndi Chau Phu [Châu Phu].

KUSINTHA

Pali makina awiri odulira Chaudoc [Châu Đốc], koma awa sakhala akugwira ntchito kwa chaka chathunthu chifukwa cha zokolola zochepa. Pali fakitale yamagetsi yoyang'aniridwa ndi Chau Phu [Châu Phu] (mzinda waukulu) wokhala ndi mphamvu pamwezi wa 4.000kw mphamvu. Makampani opanga silika amachitidwa m'maboma a Tanchau [Tân Châu] ndi Triton [Tri Tôn]. Pali malo osungirako zinyalala okwana 180, mamilimita 43 otumphukira, ndi 41 ntchito yoluka Tanchau [Tân Châu]. Pafupifupi anthu onse ochita bwino ku Cambodian Triton [Tri Tôn] amabala mphutsi za silika ndipo amapanga silika ochepa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito. Amagwira ntchito mosasamala komanso osagwiritsa ntchito njira, ndipo silika ndi wopanda ntchito kwambiri, kotero kuti ndi wopanda phindu pa malonda. Komabe, amawonetsedwa pachaka cha Hanoi zovala zingapo zopangidwa ndi iwo, zopambana. Pali mikango yazikulu Ndi Sam [Núi Sam], wogwidwa ndi akatswiri angapo olondera, ndi okhazikika achi China ndi Annamite. Pali ntchito zingapo za indigo pafupi Tanchau [Tân Châu]; indigo ndi yabwino koma yokonzekera bwino. Anzeru okhala m'mphepete mwa ngalande ya Vinh Te [Vĩnh Tế] pangani mikeka yothamanga ndi matumba (dem ndi caron). Izi zimapangidwa ndi azimayi okha, koma makinawo atha kufa chifukwa choti kuthamanga kwakuthengo kukuchulukirachulukira, ndipamene nthaka yake imatha.

Kusodza

Kuchuluka kwa anthu am'chigawochi kumakhala kosodza. Samangokhala nsomba m'mitsinje, komanso m'madziwe, m'maiwe am'madzi ndi m'maenje a nsomba. Nsomba zimagulitsidwa mwatsopano, zouma komanso zamchere. Mitundu ingapo ya nsomba imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera nuoc-mam, mam, ndi mafuta; nsomba zouma ndi zamchere zimatumizidwa ku China ndi Singapore.

KUKHALA

Kusaka Chaudoc [Châu Đốc] ayenera kutchulidwa mwapadera. Dera lamapiri, pafupifupi 17km kuchokera ku tawuni yayikulu, kulowera ku Triton, ladzaza masewera. Pali agalu, agogo amphaka, amphaka amtchire, maula, agwape, nkhumba zakutchire, ndi zina. A Cambodian ndi osaka kwambiri. Anthu okhala m'mudzi nthawi zambiri amakonza zakudya. Munthu waku Cambodia ngati amene ali ndi mfuti, amakhala wodziwombera bwino kwambiri.

KUSINTHA

Chaudoc [Châu Đốc] ndi msika wabwino wazinthu zopezeka ku Cambodia. Malonda a Chaudoc [Châu Đốc], Tanchau [Tân Chau], Zamgululi [Tịnh Biên] ndi Triton [Tri Tôn] ikukula tsiku ndi tsiku. Pali malonda ochita Chaudoc [Châu Đốc] ng'ombe, tirigu ndi silika. Katundu wochokera ku China amapeza phindu pakati pa nzika zamkati mwa chigawo. Tiyeneranso kutchula kuti katundu wochokera ku Tonkin amapeza malonda okonzeka mu Chaudoc [Châu Đốc], komanso m'maiko ena.

BAN Lachiwiri THƯ
1 / 2020

ZINDIKIRANI:
1: Marcel Georges Bernanoise (1884-1952) - Paint, anabadwira ku Valenciennes - dera lakumpoto kwambiri ku France. Chidule cha moyo ndi ntchito:
+ 1905-1920: Kugwira ntchito ku Indochina komanso kuyang'anira mishoni kwa Kazembe wa Indochina;
+ 1910: Mphunzitsi ku Far East School of France;
+ 1913: Kuwerenga zaluso zachilengedwe komanso kufalitsa zolemba zingapo zaukadaulo;
+ 1920: Anabwerera ku France ndipo anakonza ziwonetsero zaluso ku Nancy (1928), Paris (1929) - zojambula za Lorraine, Pyrenees, Paris, Midi, Villefranche-sur-mer, Saint-Tropez, Ytalia, komanso zikumbutso zina ochokera ku Far East;
+ 1922: Akufalitsa mabuku onena za zokongoletsa ku Tonkin, Indochina;
+ 1925: Adalandira mphotho yayikulu ku Colonial Exhibition ku Marseille, ndipo adagwirizana ndi wopanga mapulani a Pavillon de l'Indochine kuti apange zinthu zamkati;
+ 1952: Amwalira ali ndi zaka 68 ndipo amasiya zojambula zambiri ndi zithunzi;
+ 2017: Ntchito yake yopenta idayambitsidwa bwino ndi mbadwa zake.

ZOKHUDZA:
"Buku"LA COCHINCHINE”- Anatero Marcel Bernanoise - Hong Duc [Hồng ĐứcOfalitsa, Hanoi, 2018.
◊ wikipedia.org
Mawu olimba mtima komanso oyimbidwa a Vietnamese akhazikika mkati mwa zolemba - zolembedwa ndi Ban Tu Thu.

ONANI ZAMBIRI:
◊ CHOLON - La Cochinchine - Gawo 1
◊ CHOLON - La Cochinchine - Gawo 2
◊ SAIGON - La Cochinchine
◊ GIA DINH - La Cochinchine
◊ BIEN HOA - La Cochinchine
◊ THU DAU MOT - La Cochinchine
◊ AYO Athu - La Cochinchine
◊ TAN AN - La Cochinchine
◊ COCHINCHINA