Lý Toét mu Mzindawu: Kubwera ndi Zomwe Zachitika mu 1930s Vietnam - Gawo 2
Kumenya: 670
GEORGE DUTTON
… Zipitilira…
Phong Hoa
Kukhala bwino Lý Toet monga onse mawonekedwe ndi caricature, ndiroleni ndiyambirepo mwachidule zazifupi Phong Hoa. Koyamba kupezeka ku Hà Nội mu 1932, magaziniyi inatchuka posachedwa pomwe inalandidwa Nguyễn Thui, odziwika bwino ndi nom de de plume wa Nhất Linh. Gawo la kuphulika kwa quốc nga zofalitsa zomwe zinachitika mu 1930s, Phong Hoa inafalitsidwa mlungu uliwonse kwa zaka zinayi zotsatira, kutulutsa komaliza mu June 1936.8 Pofika mwezi wa Julayi 1933, pepalali lidafotokoza kale za anthu XNUMX zomwe zimafalitsa mlungu uliwonse, zomwe zikuwonetsa kutchuka kwambiri komwe kumachokera pakusangalatsa kwake komanso momwe zinthu ziliri.9
Masamba a Phong Hoa zinawonetsa malo okhala kumatauni omwe anachititsa kuti awerengere, kuphatikiza nkhani zamakono ndi upangiri wa mafashoni, nthabwala, fanizo, ndi mabuku monga nkhani zazifupi. Inafotokozanso zatsopano monga zithunzi za m'mawu (onani Chithunzi 1), masewera olumikiza, ndi zithunzi zamitundu mitundu zomwe zimawonetsa zithunzi.10 Izi ndi zithunzi zidasowa chifukwa cha zotsatsa zomwe zimawonetsa kusokonekera kwa zinthu zatsopano komanso ntchito zamalonda zikuyamba kupezeka ndi zotheka kwa anthu wamba okhala pakati. Chilichonse kuyambira zovala zaposachedwa kwambiri zaku Europe kupita ku ndudu, mankhwala a patent, magalimoto, ndi ntchito zamayendedwe zinajambulidwa ndi zolemba ndi zithunzi za sabata. Chifukwa chake zomwe "zamakono" zomwe zalembedwazi zikugwirizana bwino ndi zomwe zidachitika mu zinthu zomwe zimatumizidwa komanso kugulitsidwa.
Phong Hoa ndi Ngày Ayi (yokhazikitsidwa ku 1935) ikuwonetsa chikhumbo chofuna kupereka zolemba pakuyesetsa kwa ukonzi wawo komanso zomwe olemba ndi olemba komanso ogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito poyankha nyuzipepala ya mgwirizano yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kale, Mphepo yakumwera [Mphepo yochokera kumwera].11 Adasinthidwa ndi a Francophile neotradiminist Pham Quynh, Mphepo yakumwera (1917-1934) ikuyimira zovuta za neo-Confucianism zomwe zimayesetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zandale komanso chikhalidwe cha malingaliro a malingaliro amenewo kwa anthu akusintha mwachangu a Vietnamese a 1920s ndi 1930s.12 Amuna Mphepos zikuwoneka ngati zothandizanso masiku ano pomwe amalimbikitsa zomwe ambiri adawona kutiumbufu wa Confucius adasinthiratu Phong Hoas okonza, omwe adafunafuna mobwerezabwereza kuti awonetse kuti Chikumfusco sichikugwirizana ndi kusintha kwa nthawi.13 Kodi nthawi yayitali bwanji Mphepo yakumwera pamapeto pake anasiya kufalitsa mu 1934, Phong Hoas Okonza analemba mosangalatsa zochitika zake.
Lý Toét ndi Caricature
Lý Toet woyamba amapezeka mumasamba a Phong Hoa pa Meyi 26,1933, tikamupeza akuyang'anitsitsa kakhonde koyenda m'mphepete mwa msewu, ndikudabwitsidwa ndi mapira ozizwitsa (onani Chithunzi 2).14
Ngakhale aka kanali koyamba kuti mudzi wozunza ambulera udzidziwike ndi dzina, munthu wokomedwayo anali atapezekanso kale pazithunzizi, ngakhale anali ndi dzina lina.15 Khalidwe lazakalezi sizinali zopangidwa ndi munthu m'modzi koma mawonekedwe wamba ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi owonetsa osiyanasiyana. Poyeneradi, Phong Hoa Nthawi ndi nthawi ankapempha owerenga ake kuti agonjere Lý Toet zithunzi ndi nthabwala, ndi zomwe zimasindikizidwa zimapatsa opanga maulendo awo ndalama zawo, komanso nthawi zina mphoto yamtundu wina.16 Choncho, a Lý Toet Khalidwe litha kuonedwa ngati lingaliro lina lotchuka amalingaliro. Sanali fanizo laling'ono la wolemba ndemanga m'modzi koma mwamalingaliro, mantha, komanso chiyembekezo cha gulu lalikulu la anthu ophunzira ku Vietnam.
Ngakhale ambiri ojambula adatanthauzira Lý Toet chifukwa Phong Hoa, kusiyanasiyana kumeneku kwa akatswiri ojambula sikuwonekera nthawi zonse. Ngakhale zochuluka zomwe zimathandizira Lý Toet ndipo mawonekedwe ake olemekezeka amayenera kuwonetsedwa mwanjira zofananira ndi zovomerezeka. Monga kufunsa kwa 1933 kwa Lý Toét zojambula anakumbutsa omwe atha kuthandiza nawo kuti: “[A] onse Lý ToetMakhalidwe akewa, awa mumawadziwa kale. ”17 Chifukwa chake, ankawonetsedwa nthawi zonse ndi chovala, zovala zazitali, ndi thalauza zokondera zam'mudzi. Sanali konse wopanda ambulera -, ngakhale sizinali nthawi zonse, zakuda - zomwe zinali ngati chizindikiro cha mudzi wawo, ngakhale zimamuzindikiritsa ngati mlendo wakunja kwa mzinda wowoneka bwino. Ankasewera nkhope yamiseche, nthawi zina zowonjezereka komanso nthawi zina amakhala osasamba bwino. Mwanjira imeneyi amadziwika nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale atazindikiridwa mwachindunji kapena osadziwika.
Lý Toet chinali choyimira chinthu chatsopano mu utolankhani wa ku Vietnamese, chimenecho. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa caricature pamasamba a Phong Hoa ndi maonekedwe a Lý Toet mwachidziwikire, zinali, zopangidwa ndi Nhất Linh'Sawerengera ku France kumapeto kwa 1920s komanso koyambirira kwa 1930s. Panthawi imeneyi Nhất Linh idadziwika ndi chikhalidwe cha ku France cha caricature chomwe, makamaka kuyambira pa Revolution ya French, chidali njira yoperekera ndemanga pagulu ndi ndale. Nhất Linh zikuwoneka kuti zidayambitsidwa makamaka ndi omwe akhazikitsidwa kumene (1915) mtolankhani Le Canard Kuphatikiza [The Chained Duck], yomwe inali yotchuka ndi kagwiritsidwe kake ka caricature kuti afotokozere zochuluka za zochitika zapano.18 Pomwe chikhalidwe cha ku France cha caricature chinali chazandale kwambiri, komabe, komanso ena amapanga Phong Hoa idapereka ndemanga zokhudzana ndi satana pa anthu andale masiku amenewo, a Lý Toét zojambula adasinthiratu ndemanga zambiri zandale, m'malo mwake amadzudzula chikhalidwe ndi miyambo. Izi zinawonetsera zonse ziwiri Lý ToetMakulidwe omwe ali ngati chithunzi cha mikangano yazikhalidwe ndi mfundo yoti Manyuzipepala achilankhulo cha Vietnamese, makamaka kumpoto, adawunikidwa mozama, ndikupangitsa ndemanga zandale m'njira iliyonse kukhala zovutirapo.19
The chikhalidwe cha caricature, wogulitsa ku Vietnam ndi Nhất Linh ndipo mwina ena, adapeza dothi lachonde pazifukwa zingapo. Choyamba chinali chatsopano chake, makamaka munthawi ya dziko la Chosindikiza cha Vietnamese, yomwe idayambitsa zinthu zambiri zochokera m'manyuzipepala aku Western. Chachiwiri chinali nthabwala zake, nthawi zina zandale, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowunikira pagulu ndi chikhalidwe chomwe owerenga amakhala. Pambuyo pokhazikitsidwa kwa caricature, monga zofiirira anati: “[C] ojambula zithunzi anali kugwiritsa ntchito njira yatsopanoyi kuti ikhale yovuta komanso yothandiza kwambiri. Zojambula zabwino nthawi zina zimapita patsamba lakutsogolo, mosakayikira zimathandiza kugulitsa mapepala. Ojambula zithunzi adapanga zida zoyimira French, mandarin waku Vietnam, wamkulu wa pamudziyo (mwachitsanzo, L] Toét], mayi wachinyamata Azungu, anthu wamba ovutika, ndi ena ambiri. ”20 Poyeneradi, Lý Toet ngati chithunzi cha caricature chokwanira bwino mkati mwa masamba a Phong Hoa, chomwe kuyambira pachikuto chake mpaka pamapeto ake omaliza chidali ndi zojambula ndi caricature, zosonyeza chilichonse kuchokera kuzandale zapadziko lonse lapansi — a Hitler ndi Mussolini, komanso anthu andale ndi azikhalidwe zamakono Trọng Kim ndi Nguyen Van Tam- pamayimidwe ophatikizidwa amitundu yosiyanasiyana omwe samangokhala Lý Toét komanso gulu la ena, zofiirira akuwonetsa.
Kachitatu, ndipo modabwitsa, gawo lina lofunsidwa ndi caricature lidatsimikiza kuti zowoneka komanso zoyankhulidwa kale zidakhala ndi mbiri yakale pachikhalidwe cha Vietnamese. Pazaka zambiri, Vietnamese anali ndi luso lotha kusoka anthu osiyanasiyana, ngakhale sanakhale ochita bwino kwambiri kuposa maudindo awo. Awa ankakonda kunenedwa nthano zosiyanasiyana. Maakaunti a ntchito ya Trạng Quỳnh [Master Quỳnh], wanzeru wocheperako wapamwamba amene amakhala bwino ndi andale komanso azachuma, anali okhawo odziwika mu chikhalidwe chofunikira ichi. Nthano zina mu mtsempha uwu zimayang'ana pa Trạng Lợn [Master Pig], yemwe adayimira nduna ngati wopusa, ndipo adawona zolakwika zingapo pomwe kupusa kwake komanso wopanda nzeru kumamupulumutsa ndipo nthawi zina amasintha kukhala ngwazi yosawoneka.21 Peter Zinoman yawonetsa kuti wolemba mabuku Văn Tâm adawona kufanana kwakukulu pakati Trạng Lợn ndi Tsitsi Lofiyira Xuân, wodziwika pakati Vũ Trọng Phụngs Mwamwayi, amenenso adapambana ngakhale (kapena mwina chifukwa cha) umbuli wake.22
Ngakhale anthu osankhika otchuka nthawi zambiri amakhala ophatikizana ndi nthano za anthu wamba kapena miyambo ina yamakamwa, nthawi zina imapangidwanso pamiyeso, ngakhale m'njira zina, nyama zosiyanasiyana kale kuyimira dziko la anthu. The kugwiritsa ntchito nyama ndi gulu la nyama kuyimira anthu, kumene, inali njira yoperekera ndemanga m'njira yotsimikizika kuti ikamveke popanda kuwoneka kuti akutsutsa mwachindunji maulamuliro. Mulimonsemo, zifanizo za asitikali kapena oyang'anira pamtundu wina monga nyama zina zinali njira ina yoperekera nyama yomwe ingafotokozeredwe kuti ndi nyama. Kuphatikiza apo, zithunzi zotchingira mitengo zoterezi zidawonekeranso patsamba la Phong Hoa, ngakhale ali munjira yosinthika, monga kumasulira kwa "Ukwati wa Makoswe"(onani Chithunzi 3), yomwe idasakaniza zamakono (magalimoto, magalamafoni, ndi kavalidwe kazungu) ndi chikhalidwe (ozimitsa moto, phwando laukwati, ndi ulemu kwa makolo anu).23
Pomaliza, mwina sizosadabwitsa kuti zikhalidwe zachilengedwe monga izi ziyenera kukhala zofunikira, ngati nthawi zina zimakhala zobisika, gawo lamagazini zamakono monga Phong Hoa. Zinthuzi zikuwonetsa zakomwe m'mudzi wina waomwe adalemba zakumata kwa 1930s, komanso momwe anthu okhala m'mizinda momwemo adasinthira kuchokera kumidzi, motero angayamikire nthabwala zomwe zidakumana ndi zikhalidwe zawo, ngakhale zitakhala kuti zidachokera nthawi zina zobisika.24 Chifukwa chake, Lý Toet ndi gawo lalikulu la caricature lomwe adangoyimira gawo laling'ono liyenera kuwonedwa kuti si lachilendo kwathunthu komanso kutengera zojambula kunja koma monga kuphatikizika kwa mitsinje iwiri: chikhalidwe cha ku France cha caricature yandale komanso mwambo wakale waku Vietnam za kukamwa ndi zowonera.
Chifukwa chomaliza chomenyera Phong Hoa'm mafanizo .Njira mu Lý Toet ma caricature ndi zojambula zina - atha kukhala kuti akuwonetsa mayendedwe ndi kuyenda. Zambiri mwa zojambula zoterezi zinali ndi mafelemu angapo, kuwonetsa zochitika zomwe owerenga angazitsatire kuyambira pa nthawi yawo mpaka pamapeto. Ena anali pawiri lolunjika ”kale ndi pambuyo"Kutsatira, pomwe ena adakhudzana ndi mafelemu atatu kapena kupitilira apo ndikuwonetsa zochitika zingapo ngati chithunzi chosunthika. Zambiri mwa zojambulajambula izi zikuwonetsa kuwopsa kwa moyo wamakono wamatawuni, kuwonetsa zoopsya izi pazithunzi zingapo: anyamata akuwomba njinga zawo pamwamba pazithunzi zitatu; munthu akuyenda mozama, pokambirana, pamafelemu awiri, kenako ndikugwetsa chotsegulira chachitatu.25 Ngakhale ambiri Phong Hoa zithunzi zomwe zinali ndi mawonekedwe amodzi zimatha kuwoneka poyenda chifukwa zimangotanthauza zomwe zingachitike pambuyo pake: Lý Toet pafupi kugundidwa ndi sitima, Lý Toet atatsala pang'ono kubera nsapato zake, ndi zina zotero. Kusunthaku kotero kuyimiriridwa pamasamba osindikizidwa a Phong Hoa chikuwonetsa kuthamanga, kusintha, ndi kusinthasintha kwa zochitika zamakono zamatauni. Zithunzizi zimatsatiranso, mwanjira ina, kanema watsopano, yemwe anali wotchuka kwambiri ku Hà Nội koyambirira kwa 1930s.26
… PITIRIZANI…
7. Zojambula zazifupi zokhudzana ndi ntchito ya Nhất Linh komanso kutenga nawo gawo pa Phong Hóa angapeze ku Nguyễn Văn Ký, "Mzinda Umene Umakumbukira," ku Hanoi: Mzinda wa Kukula Chinjoka, Ceorges Boudarel ndi Nguyễn Văn Ký (Lanham, MD: Rowman ndi Littlefield, 2002), 35-37; wonaninso Creg Lockhart, "Ulendo Wosweka: 'Nhất Linh' akupita ku France", "East Asia History 8 (December 1994): 73-134; komanso Jamieson, Kumvetsetsa Vietnam, 113-114.
8. Jamieson, Kumvetsetsa Vietnam, 102.
9. Phong Hoa, Julayi 28,1933, p. 3; Nguyễn Văn Ký, "Mzinda Umene Umakumbukira," 34. Nguyễn Văn Ký amayesa kuchuluka kwa owerengera a Phong Hoa pafupifupi 15,850 ndi Ngày Ayi za 7.850. Nguyễn Văn Ký, La Societe Vietnamienne,
10. Zithunzi zoyambira zoyambirira, mwachitsanzo, zidawonekera pa Marichi 17,1933 ( 15) pamutu wakuti “Xếp Chữ Ô” [lit. "Ikani zilembo'zo m'mabokosi"] ndikufotokozanso mwatsatanetsatane momwe zithunzi zake zimagwirira ntchito. Pambuyo pake mawu ophatikizika anali chinthu wamba pamasamba a Phong Hoa.
11. Mapepala awiriwa adafalikira mwachidule mu 1935, koma Ngày Ayi idapitiliza kufalitsa pambuyo Phong Hoa adatseka chaka chotsatira.
12. Hue-Tam Ho Tai, Radicalism ndi Chiyambi cha Revolutionary Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992, 49.
13. "Tự Lực Văn Đoàn," Phong Hoa, Marichi 2,1934, p.2.
14. Phong Hoa, Meyi 26,1933, p. 5.
Kuti mumve zambiri pamalingaliro oyambira a Lý Toét, onani Nguyễn Văn Ký, La Society Vietnamienne,
16. Mwachitsanzo, onani kufunsidwa kwa zopereka za Lý Toét mu Phong Hoa, Disembala 15,1933, p. 6. David Marr wanena kuti dziko latsopano la zofalitsa lakhazikitsa forum osati owerenga okha koma olemba ndi ojambula komanso, ndi masamba a Phong Hoa, monga m'magazini ena ambiri munthawiyi, nthawi zambiri ankawonetsa zopereka za owerenga (Marr, "A Passion for Modernity," 261).
17 Phong Hoá, December 15,1933, p. 6.
18. Nguyễn Văn Ký,Mzinda Umene Umakumbukira, ” Kuti mumve zambiri za magaziniyi, onani Laurent Martin, Le Canard enchaine pa les Fortunes de la vertu: Mbiri yakale sat'que satirique 1915-2000 [The Chained Duck or the Fortunes of Virtue: History of a Satirical Journal, 1915-2000] (Paris: Figuearion, 2001), makamaka machaputala 1 ndi 2. Fora zambiri za malingaliro apakati pa chikhalidwe cha French cha saticical caricature, onani. Robert Justin Goldstein, Kufufuza Zandale Zandale M'zaka za m'ma XNUMX 'France (Kent, OH: Kent State Univeisity Press, 1989); David S. Kerr, Wachinyamata Caricature ndi Chikhalidwe cha Ndale za ku France, 1830-1848: Charles Philipon ndi Illustrated Press (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000).
19. Chifukwa chake, matambula a Lý Toét satha kuwawona ngati kubadwa kwa Vietnam pamakhalidwe andale zamakono, monga zomwe zidawonedwa m'malo ngati Indonesia, ngakhale patapita nthawi m'zaka zana lomweli, monga a Benedict Anderson afotokozera. Benedict Anderson, "Zojambula ndi Zojambula: Evolution of Political Communication under the New Order,”Mu Power Power and Communications ku Indonesia, ed. Karl D. Jackson ndi Lucian W. Pye (Berkeley ndi Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978, 286-301.
20. Marr, "Chidaliro Zamakono," 261-262.
21. Chitsanzo cha Trạng Lợn nthano chomwe adachipeza ku Hữu Ngọc, Zojambulajambula Zithunzi za Chikhalidwe cha Vietnamese (Hà Nội: Thế Giới Ofalitsa, 1998), 761-764; kuti mumve zambiri pankhani iyi ya Vietnamese satire, onani masamba 616-618.
22. Peter Zinoman, mawu oyambira Wosalankhula, lolemba Vũ Trọng Phụng, ed. Peter Zinoman, trans, wolemba Nguyễn Nguyệt Cầm ndi Peter Zinoman (Ann lamdima lija: University of Michigan Press, 2002, 13.
23. Phong Hoa, December 1,1933, p. 1.
24. Pa zikutuluka tawuni yayikulu ku Hanoi, onani Zinoman, oyambira Mwamwayi, 7; onaninso Creg Lockhart ndi Monique Lockhart, oyambitsa Kuwala Kwachikulu: Atatu Amakono a Vietnamese Classics (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1996), 9-11. Angapo a Mphepo Olemba oyambirira a Hóa anali nyanga kumadera akumidzi, ngakhale kuti nkhani yeniyeni ya chiwerengero cha olemba mapepala ndi zovuta kufotokoza.
25. Kuti mumve zitsanzo za zojambula za njinga zamatayilo, onani Phong Hoa, Seputembala 29,1934, p. 1; ndi Okutobala 13,1933, p. 8; kapeti yopanga chivundikiro cha manhole Phong Hoa, August 18,1933, p. 13.
26. Sec, mwachitsanzo, Nguyễn Văn Ký, La Societe Vietnamienne, 181-191, yomwe ikuwonetsa kuti mafilimu opitilira mazana asanu adawonetsedwa ku Hanoi pakati pa 1937 ndi 1938.
ONANI ZAMBIRI:
Ý Lý Toét mu Mzinda - Gawo 1
Ý Lý Toét mu Mzinda - Gawo 3
Ý Lý Toét mu Mzinda - Gawo 4
Ý Lý Toét mu Mzinda - Gawo 5
BAN TU THU
11 / 2019