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FANIZO lomwe France lidalandapo Vietnam mu 1857? - Gawo 2

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**III. KUSINTHA KWA KỲ HÒA NDIPONSO KULIMA KWA NKHONDO KU NKHANI (1861-1862)**

pambuyo pa Kugwa kwa Beijing ndi kutha kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya Opium ku China, boma la France la Emperor Napoleon III (1808-1873)^[19]anaganiza zopitilizal'expédition de Cochinchine”Kapena kugonjetsedwa kwa Southern Vietnam. Pa February 1861, motsogozedwa ndi a French Woweruza Léonard Charner (1797-1869)^[20], kulimbikitsidwa kwakukulu kwa magulu ankhondo aku France ku Far East adasamutsidwira ku Saigon, komwe makamaka kunali akatswiri odziwa zambiri a malo omenyera nkhondo aku China. Malinga ndi mkulu wa ku France Léopold Pallu de la Barrière (1828-1891)^[21], mphamvu zawo zogonjetsa Southern Vietnam zinali^[22]:

Mawu oyambirira achi French:

"... makumi asanu ndi awiri ma piresre a guerre, osasokoneza 70 kwa voiles et 14 ku vapeur. Sept navires loués à la Compagnie péninsulaire et orientale servaient à verurer les communication sur une si grande étendue de côtes. 56 maulamuliro-généraux: L'artillerie s'élevait in 4 bouches à feu, laina nominale des makina mu 13 chevaux-vapeur… "

Kusindikiza Chingerezi:

“… Pali zombo zapamadzi zokwanira 70, 14 mwa izo ndi zombo zapamadzi ndipo 56 ndizoyenda panyanja. Zombo zisanu ndi ziwiri zomwe Peninsular ndi Eastern Company idatulutsa zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikizana ndi gombe lalikulu. 4 General, oyang'anira 13 a zombo, 22 oyang'anira ma frig, 95 a lieutenant a zombo, zikwangwani 105, pafupifupi 100 aspirants, 100 madokotala, 100 oyang'anira, 8,000 oyendetsa sitima, analemba gululi. Mfutizo zinali ndi mfuti 474, zomwe zimadziwika kuti makina 7,866 ...

Mosiyana ndi chaka cha 1858, tili ndi zida zankhondo 14 zachi France zokhazokha zankhondo yaku Tourane. Mu 1861, panali nkhondo zankhondo 70 zamitundu yonse zomwe zinatenga nawo gawo pa Cochinchina Campaign. Zina mwazankhondo za ku Francezi zinali zamphamvu komanso zazikulupo kuposa zomwe Vietnamese anali nazo nthawiyo, mwachitsanzo, a Frigate la Persévérante, anali atanyamula mfuti zopitilira 60 komanso anthu 513 ogwira ntchito^[23]^[24].

Komanso, aku French adalembanso zoposa 600 mamapu achi China ndi ma cookie omwe anali ofunitsitsa kumenya nkhondo motsogozedwa ndi Ulamuliro Wachiwiri Wachi French^[27].

Pomaliza, tsiku la tsoka idabwera pa 24 February 1861 nthawi ya Nkhondo ya Kỳ Hòa^[28], pamene mizere yonse yaku Vietnam yomwe idamanga mozungulira Saigon kwa zaka ziwiri idagwa pomenyedwa ndi asitikali aku France okwana 4,000 mpaka 5,000 mothandizidwa ndi mazana mazana a zida zankhondo komanso zankhondo 50^[29]. Inalidi nkhondo yamagazi a mbali zonse ziwiri. Tsiku loyamba lomenyera nkhondo lidapha a French ndi Spanish 6 omwe adaphedwa ndi 30 ovulala^[30]. Ena mwa ovulalawo anali akuluakulu apamwamba monga French General delie de Vassoigne (1811-1891)^[31]ndi Spanish Colonel Carlos Palanca Gutierrez (1819-1876)^[32]. Tsiku lotsatira adawona kuwonongedwa kwa chingwe chodzitetezera cha Kỳ Hòa, pamodzi ndi omwalira a asitikali 12 achifwamba ndi asitikali, pomwe 225 idavulala. Anthu ovulala aku Vietnamese anali ochuluka kwambiri pomwe anthu pafupifupi 1,000 anafa ndikuvulala, kuphatikiza Marshal Nguyễn Tri Phư Phng.

Monga kusefukira kwamadzi pambuyo pakugwa kwa damu, patangotha chaka chimodzi kuchokera pamene Kugwa kwa Kỳ Hòa (February 1861 - February 1862,, mizinda yonse ya Gia Định, Định Tường ndi Wopanga Hòa kenako adagwidwa ndi magulu ankhondo a Franco-Spain. A French adapanga dongosolo la "ma mobile mobile" m'malo okhala anthu, zombo zazing'ono komanso zapakati pazankhondo zamumtsinje ngati "ovomerezeka"(mfuti) ^[34],chaloupe canonnière"(mfuti) ndi mtundu wankhondo wa ku Portugesemalonda"^[35]. Iwo anali oyenera kumtunda ndi mitsinje ku Southern Vietnam. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1861–1862 aku French mfuti l'Alarme adakhala m'mbali mwa mtsinje wa Vaico (Vàm Cỏ) ^[36], poyang'anira chitetezo kuchokera Tây Ninh ku Long An.

Pamene a Nguyễn Mzera wobwerera ndi wobwerera m'mbuyo mumisokonezo, ambiri Amphawi a Vietnamese and milita adadzuka ndikumenya nkhondo mwachangu ndi gulu lankhondo laku France kulikonse. Mtsogoleri wamkulu wamalawi ku Vietnam nthawi imeneyo anali polimbana Truong Dinh (張定, 1820-1864)^[38]. Pansi pa mbendera ya Marshal Trương Định, atsogoleri ambiri ankhondo aluso monga Nguyễn Tung Trực (阮忠直, 1838-1868) adamenya nkhondo yolimbana ndi French^[39]. Pa Disembala 1861, gulu lake lankhondo pamodzi ndi iyemwini adawotcha lori ya asitikali aku France Kukonzekera ku Nhựt Tảo River, chochitika chomwe chinapha miyoyo ya asitikali 17 aku France ndi Tagal komanso othandizira 20 aku Vietnam. Mu 1862, zinthu zinafika poipa kwambiri kwa gulu lankhondo la Franco-Spain, typhus ndi mitundu ina ya matenda anapha anthu mazana angapo. Madera ochokera Go Cong ku Ndi Gio pambuyo pake anamasulidwa ndikuyamba kukhala zigawo za zigawenga ku Southern Vietnam.

**IV. KULAMBIRA KWA SIRONI (5 JUNI 1862): "ANAKHALA" PAKUTI KWA "PAKUTI KWA" VIETNAMESE RESISTance FIGHTERS**

Pakadali pano, Royal Court of Nguyễn Mzera pansi pa ulamuliro wa Mfumu Tự Đức (嗣德, 1829-1883)^[41]adadodoma ndikuchita mantha atamva mbiri yoyipa yokhudza kugwa kwa Kò H Fa, kugwa kwa Gia Định, Định Tường ndi mizinda ya m'chigawo cha Biên Hòa. Chifukwa chake, mchaka cha 1861 mpaka kuchiyambiyambi kwa 1862, Khothi Lachifumu lidalumikizana ndipo lidakambirana ndi achi French chifukwa chotsatira "Pangano la Mtendere" (?)

A Emperor sanadziwe kwenikweni za machitidwe a asitikali aku France ku Cochinchina, omwe anali kuvutika kwambiri chifukwa cha nkhondo za ziwawa zaku Vietnam komanso chifukwa cha matenda ndi matenda. Komanso, nthawi imeneyo Nkhondo yaku France ku Mexico (1861-1867) zinali kuchitika^[42]. Nkhondo ya ku Mexico idalidi "quagmire", yomwe idawononga ndalama zambiri kwa anthu aku France ndipo idakhala yofunika kwambiri kwa Napoleon III kutumiza zolimbikitsanso, osati a Cochinchina.

Ma mandarin ena a Nguyễn Mfumu idauzanso a Emperor za zomwe zidachitikadi. Komabe, Emperor adaganizirabe kusaina pangano lotchedwa "Pangano la Mtendere" ndi asitikali aku France ndi Spain ku Saigon, pa 5 June 1862. Adatumiza ma mandarins apamwamba kwambiri Phan Thanh Giản (潘清簡; 1796-1867) ndi Lâm Duy Hiệp (林維浹, 1806-1863) posainira Panganolo^[44]^[45].

Malinga ndi Panganoli, zigawo zonse zitatu za Gia Định, Định Tường ndi Biên Hòa pamapeto pake adapatsidwa French! Komanso, a Nkhani 9 Pangano ili linali pafupi agwirizana ndi a Franco-Vietnamese Kugwira otchedwa "achifwamba” ndi “achifwamba”Ku Cochinchina^[47]! Zachidziwikire, zikutanthauza atsogoleri onse ampatuko a Vietnam kum'mwera kwa Vietnam monga Trương Định, Nguyễn Trung Trực, Võ Duy Dư …ng ... omwe sanataye zida zawo amatha kulembedwa ngati "achifwamba" ndi "achiwerewere", nthawi iliyonse achi French akafuna, ndipo Mzera wa Nguyễn ulinso ndi udindo wowakakamiza kudzipereka!

Chifukwa chake, Pangano la Saigon mu 1862 likhoza kuonedwa ngati kubaya kowopsa kumbuyo kwa omenyera ku Vietnamese. Pambuyo pake, adayenera kumenya nkhondo yekha, osathandizidwa ndi Mzera wa Nguyễn (amathanso kumangidwa ndikutumizidwa kwa olamulira achi France ngati pakufunika). Kuyambira pamenepo, Mzera wa Nguyễn unakhala wopereka mbiri ku mtundu wa Vietnamese! Panthawiyo, anthu aku Southern Vietnam anali ndi mwambi wotchuka:

"Phan, Lâm mãi quốc; Triều đình khi dân. ” (Phan [Thanh Giản] ndi Lâm [Duy Hiệp] amagulitsa dzikolo; khothi silisamala anthu)

Ngakhale mavuto ochokera ku mbali zonse za France ndi Royal Court, Marshal Trương Định adalengeza kuti adzamenya nkhondo yolimbana mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake! Mu 1863, a ku France Woweruza Louis Aldophe Bonard (1805-1867)^[49]komanso adatumiza Trương Định a Kalata ya Ultimatum. Komabe, a Trương Định mwachilungamo adalemba kalata ya Admiral yaku France ponena kuti:

""Khothi Lachifumu ku Huế ngakhale silinadziwe mayendedwe athu, komabe tikumenyera nkhondo Dziko la Fatherland.)

Ndipo adapitilizabe nkhondo yankhondo mpaka pomwalira mu 1864.

V. MIYANI ENA

The "Pangano la Mtendere la 1862"Idasainidwa yomwe idapangitsa kuti French yemwe anali wazovuta, pomaliza pake akhale wopambana! Komanso, onse omenyera nkhondo ku Vietnam pambuyo pake adasanduka "zigawenga" ndi "achifwamba" malinga ndi Panganoli! Mwa kusaina Pangano la Saigon, ufulu wachi Vietnamese udatayika pang'ono mu Ufumu Wachiwiri wa French. M'mbiri yonse ya Vietnamese, idali imodzi zinthu zosangalatsa komanso zachinyengo kwambiri zidachitika ndi boma la Vietnamese.

Pambuyo pake, Royal Court of Nguyễn Mzera ukupitilizabe kusaina mapangano angapo, monga Pangano la 1874 kapena la Pangano Lachiwiri la Saigon^[51], yomwe idazindikira zigawo zitatu zonse za Southern Vietnam (Giang, Vĩnh Long ndi Hà Tiên) motsogozedwa ndi French. Pomaliza, Pangano la Huế mu 1884 anangochititsa Vietnam kukhala "French Protectorate".

Kupatula ntchito zachinyengo komanso kusakwanira kwa Khothi Lachifumu, zifukwa zina zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ufulu waku Vietnam usathe:

The "othandizira": A Vietnamese ambiri anadzipereka mwakufuna kwawo kuulamuliro waku France wolamulidwa ndi masensa ambiri, monga" Mã Tà "(Mat). Kwa anthu aku China ku Saigon, kugonjetsedwa kwa France ku Cochinchina kudawadzetsera zabwino zambiri kuposa kale momwe adagwirira ntchito limodzi ndi "ulamuliro watsopano" (Mosiyana ndi izi, anthu a Sino-Vietnamese aku Rạch Giá Province ndi Phú Quốc Island adagwirizana nawo pamagulu otsutsa a Nguyễn Trung Trực mu 1868).
Zenizeni Achiwembu achi Vietnamese: Kuyambira 1862 mpaka 1865, kuwukira kwa Tạ Văn Phụng (謝文奉,? -1865)^[52], wogwirira ntchito waku Vietnam omwe amagwira ntchito yamaukazitape aku France, omwe anapha anthu ambiri kuboma la Royal Court. Adathandizidwa ndi gulu lalikulu la achifwamba achi China komanso achifwamba ku Quảng Ninh Province. Mu 1865, Phụng adagwidwa ndikuphedwa ku Huế.
The Achiwembu achi China: Kuyambira 1870s, Northern Vietnam idasokonezeka koopsa ndi achifwamba ambiri achi China ochokera ku Gulu Lankhondo la Black Flag ndi Gulu Lankhondo la Yellow Flag^[53], amene nthawi inayake anali asitikali a Kupandukiramu China^[54].
The mikangano pakati pa Akatolika aku Vietnamese ndi Chi Confucianists cha Vietnamese: Mu 1874, ma Confucianis ku Central Vietnam adadzudzula Akatolika aku Vietnam chifukwa chothandizana komanso kutayika kwa Southern Vietnam kupita kunkhondo zaku France. Chifukwa chake, chipwirikiti chidachitika ndi mawu a"Bình Tây Sát Tả!" (Sanjani a French, Pha a Heresies!)^[55]. Inakhala nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Central Vietnam, komwe kunapangitsa kuti dzikolo likhale lovuta kwambiri. (M'malo mwake, Akatolika aku Vietnamine sanali ochita nawo malonda. Akatolika ena aku Vietnamese adagwirizana ndi achi French, koma ena adanyoza ndikutumikira Emperor, monga Nguyễn Kườ Tộ (阮長祚, 1830-1871)^[56], yemwenso adatumiza kwa Emperor mapulani ake oti akagwenso ntchito kumwera kwa Vietnam mu Nkhondo ya Franco-Prussian^[57]).

Kuyang'ana zakale, tingaphunzire zambiri lero: Kuti tisunge ufulu wodziyimira pawokha komanso Ufulu, Vietnam iyenera kukhala dziko lolimba komanso lokhazikika, boma siliyenera kunyoza zofuna za anthu, komanso anthu ayenera kukhala ogwirizana ngati kutsogolo, kulemekeza malamulo ndi malamulo komanso kukwaniritsa ntchito zawo.

Apanso, zikomo zambiri powerenga ndipo ndikukhulupirira kuti yankho ili lidzakwaniritsa funso lanu!

Zikomo.

Mawu a M'munsi

[19] Napoleon III - Wikipedia

[20] Léonard Charner - Wikipedia

[21] Léopold Pallu de la Barrière - Wikipédia

[22] La campagne de 1861 pa Cochinchine

[23] Frégates à voiles de 1ze anali

[24] Mabagi 120 - Trois-Ponts!

[25] Saïgon: doko lonyansa

[26] CHITSANZO 19-01-1867

[27] Histoire medineine comprenant les principaux enévénements qui se sont accomplis depuis la révolution de 1830 jusqu'à nos jours et résumant, durant la même période, le mouvement social, artique et littéraire