Phlegeton waku France aphulitsa linga la Can Gio - Holylandvietnamstudies.com

FANIZO lomwe France lidalandapo Vietnam mu 1857? - Gawo 1

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Andrew Dang

M'mbuyomu, a Ufumu Wachiwiri wa ku France (1852-1870)^[1] sanalandire Vietnam mu 1857. Kwenikweni, kuukiraku kwenikweni kunachitika 31 August 1858 at Turane (Lero Đà Nẵng Mzinda wapakati pa Vietnam). Inali nkhani yayitali ya zaka pafupifupi 30 zankhondo ndikugonjetsa, kuyambira ku Đà Nẵng mu 1858 mpaka Pangano la Huế mu 1884^[2], pamene Vietnam "mwalamulo" idataya ufulu wokha. Panali zolakwika zambiri zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ufulu waku Vietnam usathe. Ndi yankho langa lero, ndimalimbikira kwambiri nthawi yoyambira 1858-1862, pamene Mzera wa Nguyễn ndi malingaliro ake olakwika pambuyo pake inasanduliza ziyembekezo zonse komanso kupambana kwa anthu aku Vietnamese kukhala tsoka laku dziko lonse! (Zachisoni, koma zidachitika)^[3].

**I. KUKHULUPIRIRA KWA TORANE ((1858-1860): VIETNAMESE VICTORY**

Poyamba, pansi pa chikwangwani cha "Kuteteza Akatolika aku Vietnam omwe azunzidwa" mu ulamuliro wa Nguyễn Dynasty, wokhala ndi zankhondo 14 ndi ankhondo 3,000 a Franco-Spain motsogozedwa ndi a Kazembe Charles Rigault de Genouilly (1807-1873)^[5], adayambitsa ziwonetsero zozemba kuzida zankhondo zonse za Vietnamese zokhala m'mphepete mwa Bay of Đà Nẵng ndi Phiri la Sơn Trà^[6]. Chochitika ichi pambuyo pake chidayambitsa chiyambi cha otchuka Kuzungulira kwa Turane m'zaka ziwiri zotsatira (1858-1860), zomwe pamapeto pake zidachitika a Chipambano cha Vietnamese.

A French akuyembekeza kuti kuwukira kwa Katolika waku Vietnamese motsutsana ndi Ulemu wa Chiyukhuni mu likulu lawo Mzinda wa Huế (ili pamtunda wa makilomita 100 kuchokera ku malo okhala a Franco-Spanish mozungulira Đà Nẵng City), koma koma adapeza palibe Akatolika aku Vietnamese anali ofunitsitsa kuwathandiza. Omenyanawo anali owopsa mbali zonse ziwiri. Pambuyo pa Vietnamese General Lê Đình Lý (黎廷理, 1790 - 1858) adamenya pomenya nkhondo, Marshal Chu Phúc Minh anali kuyang'anira kutsogolo kenako nkusinthidwa ndi Marshal Nguyễn Tri Phư Phng (阮知方, 1806-1873)^[7], yemwe anali wotchuka ndi zida zankhondo.

Kwa a French, ku Đà Nẵng magulu awo ankhondo ankazunzidwa pafupipafupi ndi kuzingidwa ndi asitikali aku Vietnam. Asitikali mazana angapo adataya miyoyo yawo chifukwa cha mabala a nkhondo ndi matenda, monga typhus. Mu 1859, French wam'tsogolo Admiral Théogène François Tsamba (1807-1867), yemwe adalowa m'malo mwa Rigault de Genouilly, adalongosola momwe zinthu ziliri mu Đà Nẵng mu kalata yake motere:

“Ndidakhala wamkulu wankhondo pa 1 Novembala 1859. Ndi cholowa chanji chomwe ndidalandira kumeneko! Ndidatulutsa munga wotchuka kumapazi a Rigault, koma kuti ndiukankhire pansi pamisomali yanga. Tinagwiritsa ntchito mamiliyoni makumi atatu ndi awiri, ndipo zatsala ndi chiyani? Pangano lomwe China idang'ambika ndi mfuti yamoto, ku Canton gulu lankhondo lomwe lidakakamizidwa kukhala apolisi mzindawo, ku Tourane [Da Nang], nyumba yeniyeni ya charnel pomwe amuna athu chikwi adafa chifukwa cha mavuto, popanda cholinga, popanda zotsatira. "^[8]^[9]

Komanso, Nkhondo yowopsa ku Chân Sảng Fort (kapena Kien-Chan Fort) pa 18 Novembala 1859 mpaka kudula mtengo wa Lieutenant Colonel Dupré-Déroulède, injiniya wa ku France wodziwika kwambiri yemwe anali m'gulu la ndodo komanso amene anakonza zoukira Đà Nẵng, pamene Vietnamese cannonball idalowa thupi lake. Pomaliza, pa 22 Marichi 1860, aku French adaganiza zotentha zida zawo zonse ku Đà Nẵng ndikusunthira ankhondo awo ku Saigon, umodzi mwamizinda yofunika kwambiri ku Vietnam.

**II. KUTHENGA KWA SAIGONI (1859-1861): "NKHONDO YAULELELELE WA VIETNAMESE"**

Nthawi yomweyo ndi Siege of Tourane, a ku France adatsegulira kutsogolo kumwera kwa Vietnam kuyambira pa February 1859, ndi Kugwidwa kwa Saigon Citadel pa 17 February 1859. Atayesa modabwitsa koma osachita bwino kuti agwire chonsecho Chigawo cha Gia Định pa 21 Epulo 1859, pomwe anthu 14 adamwalira ndipo 31 adavulala, aku French adasiya kugwira ntchito yawo ndikubwerera komwe adakhala ^[13].

Komabe, chifukwa choti sangathe kugwira ntchito zambiri, a ku France amatha kumangogwira madera ozungulira lero Port of Saigon ndi tawuni ya China ku Chợ Lớn. Anayenera kutumiza ankhondo ambiri kutsogolo kwa Tourane ndipo makamaka zikuchitika Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya Opium mu China^[15]. Mu 1860, kunali asitikali 800 a Franco-Spanish okhaokha m'dera la Saigon. Asitikali awo adayamba kuyang'aniridwa ndi Kaputeni Bernard Jauréguiberry (1815-1887)^[16], kenako adasinthidwa ndi msilikali wankhondo waku France Maulendo a Jules d'Ariès (1813-1878).

Pakadali pano, asitikali aku Vietnam adasonkhana ndikuyamba "kuzinga" kwina motsutsana ndi gulu lankhondo la France ndi Spain ku Saigon kwa pafupifupi zaka ziwiri, kuyambira pa February 1859 mpaka February 1861. Koma zidali "kuzingidwa" kwachinyengo, kapena mtundu wina wa "Nkhondo yankhondo" yaku Vietnam: Ndi Asitikali oposa 10,000 mozungulira Saigon, madarins aku Vietnamese a Nguyễn Dynasty adangomanga mizere yodzitchinjiriza ndi ma foloko ambiri okha, osaganizira momwe angayambire kukhumudwitsa okhalamo pomwe ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu poyerekeza ndi okha Asitikali 800 aku France ndi aku Spain (kuphatikiza ma mamakina a Tagals)!

Poyerekeza ndi Siege of Tourane, Siege of Saigon inali yosiyana kotheratu: Ku Tourane kapena Đà Nẵng, aku France amangokhala ndi gawo laling'ono la Phiri la Sàn Trà chifukwa chazomwe zapsa ndi njira zowuzinga zoyenera. Komabe, ku Saigon a ku France adalanda doko lalikulu kwambiri ku Vietnam, motero njira zawo zopezera anthu sizinasokonezedwe. Komanso, amalamuliranso zotumiza mpunga ku Southern Vietnam nawonso! Pa "kuzinga" (1859-1861), Port of Saigon pansi paulamuliro waku France idatsegulidwa kwambiri, ndipo zombo mazana angapo zamalonda zochokera ku China, Cambodia ndi Singapore nthawi zambiri zinkalowa ndi kutuluka. Mu 1860, Port of Saigon idalandiridwa^[18]:

"Sitima makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi nkhono 100 zidanyamula matani 60,000 a mpunga m'miyezi inayi yokha ndikupeza ndalama zambiri ku Hong Kong ndi Singapore."

Pakazinga mzindawo, anthu achi China ku Chợ Lớn adathandizana ndi "ulamuliro" watsopano wa ku France ("Tân trào"), m'malo mwa "boma lakale" ("Cựu trào") wa Nguyễn Mzera. Nkhondo yaku France ku Vietnam idangopangitsa kuti iwo akhale olemera komanso olemera.

Titha kuwona kuti ndi "kuzingidwa" kwamtunduwu, "mwayi waukulu" wochotsa gulu lankhondo la Franco-Spain lidatha, ndipo Mtundu wa Nguyễn kenako adalipira mtengo wolemera pa malingaliro awo olakwika pambuyo pake!

… PITIRIZANI…

ZOTHANDIZA:

[1] Ufumu Wachiwiri Wachi France - Wikipedia

[2] Pangano la Huế (1884) - Wikipedia

[3] Mafumu a Nguyễn - Wikipedia

[4] Traane bay bomba bis

[5] Charles Rigault de Genouilly - Wikipedia

[6] Phiri la Sơn Trà - Wikipedia

[7] Nguyễn Tri Phương - Wikipedia

[8] Tsamba la Théogène François - Wikipedia

[9] Théogène Francois Tsamba ndi a Louis de Gonzague Doudart de Lagrée apanga ma polytechniciens en Indochine

[10] French frigate Némésis (1847) - Wikipedia