VIETNAMESE CHIMODZI cha Vietnamese ndi akunja - Mawu oyamba - Gawo 1
Kumenya: 2236
Introduction
The Chiyankhulochi chilankhulo cha anthu aku Vietnamese komanso chilankhulo chamakolo of Anthu a Vietnam (amatchedwanso Kinh, fuko lalikulu ku Vietnam). Kupanga chilankhulo chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu onse ndi ntchito yovuta chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwa zinenedwe ndi mawu. Vietnamese zimakhazikitsidwa ndi nyimbo zophatikizika komanso mawu osindikizidwa. Chofikira ili ndi gawo lofunikira pakuthandizira kusiyanitsa ndi tanthauzo la mawuwo. Mulinso zingapo zotchulidwa mu Chiyankhulochi, pakati pomwe yodziwika kwambiri ndi yomwe amakonda kwambiri Kummwera. Mawuwa akuwoneka kuti ali ngati osiyana ndi ena onse momwe matchulidwe ake amachokera kwambiri pamtundu waukulu wosalemekeza mawu wamba komanso ngakhale galamala. Vietnamese ndi chilankhulo cha monosyllabic ndi liwu lililonse lophatikizidwa lili ndi tanthauzo linalake. Komanso, imakhala ndi mawerengedwe osawerengeka a mawu apawiri, omwe ali ndi 2, 3 kapena ngakhale amawu amodzi amodzi.
The Chiyankhulochi adapangidwa ndikupangidwa kwazaka zambiri tsopano. Zolemba zakale za makolo oyambirirawa amagwiritsa ntchito Chitchaina osati kubadwa kwa nom [Nom] (Zolemba zamawu) chilankhulo cha 14 chinali ntchito m'kukalankhula ndi kulemba, makamaka kupanga mabuku. M'zaka za zana la 17, Vietnamese kapena zomwe chilankhulo cha mayiko chinayamba kukhalapo. Zomwe zimachokera zimakhudzana kwambiri ndi opanga ma Portuguese, Spain, Italy ndi France omwe akugwira ntchito kumayiko aku South East Asia.
Iwo adapanga zolemba zatsopano monga njira yofotokozera Chiyankhulochi. Omwe anathandizira kwambiri pakupanga ndi kuwerenga Vietnamese nthawi imeneyo anali French vicor yemwe amatchedwa Alexandre de Rhode1 Pofalitsa buku lotanthauzira mawu la Chi Vietnamese-Portuguese Portuguese Latin. Poyamba, Vietnamese idagwiritsidwa ntchito chabe pofuna kufalitsa koma idatchuka posachedwa pomwe anthu aku France adalamula boma la atsamunda ku Vietnam. Zowonjezera zina, Vietnamese Poyamba zinali zida zoyendetsera olamulira, koma, chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake, Vietnamese adatchuka. Kuphatikiza apo, njira yake yosavuta yotchulira zilembo komanso kuphatikiza zidawathandiza kuthana ndi chitsutso chilichonse.2, 3
Vietnamese (tiếng Việt, kapena zochepa Việt ngữ) ndi national ndi chilankhulo waku Vietnam. Ndilankhulo cha 86% Chiwerengero cha anthu aku Vietnam, komanso pafupifupi mamiliyoni atatu aku Vietnamese akunja. Amayankhulidwanso ngati chilankhulo chachiwiri ndi mafuko ambiri ku Vietnam. Ndi gawo la Banja la chilankhulo cha Austroasiatic4, pomwe imakhala ndi oyankhula kwambiri ndi malirezokulirapo kangapo kuposa ziyankhulo zina za Austroasiatic pamodzi). Zambiri za Mawu achi Vietnamese labwereka kuchokera ku Chitchaina, ndipo m'mbuyomu lidalembedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina achi China, munjira zosinthidwa ndipo adatchulidwira kale. Monga kufalikira kwa ulamuliro wa atsamunda wa ku France, chilankhulochi chimawonetsera zina kuchokera ku French, ndi Makina aku Vietnamese (quốc nga) pakugwiritsa ntchito lero ndi mtundu wa Chilembo cha Chilatini, okhala ndi zolemba zowonjezera zamamawu ndi zilembo zina.
monga chilankhulo Mwa mitundu yambiri, Vietnamese chimalankhulidwa ku Vietnam konse ndi Anthu aku Vietnamese, komanso mwa mafuko ang'onoang'ono. Zimayankhulidwanso kumadera akunja aku Vietnamese, makamaka ku United States, komwe kuli olankhula oposa miliyoni imodzi ndipo ndiyomwe imalankhula chilankhulidwe chachisanu ndi chiwiri (Ili pa 3 ku Texas, 4 ku Arkansas ndi Louisiana, ndi 5 ku California). Ku Australia, chilankhulo chachisanu ndi chimodzi cholankhula kwambiri.
Malinga ndi Ethnologue, Vietnamese amalankhulidwanso ndi anthu ambiri ku Cambodia, Canada, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Laos, Martinique, Netherlands, New Caledonia, Norway, Philippines, Russian Federation, Senegal, Taiwan, Thailand, United Kingdom, ndi Vanuatu.
"Poyamba, monga chi Vietnamese chimakonda kugawana mawu ambiri ndi Chitchaina, adachigawa ku Sino-Tibetan". Pambuyo pake, zidapezeka kuti matani a Vietnamese adatuluka posachedwa (André-Georges Haudricourt-1954)5 ndipo mawu ofanana ndi Chitchaina amabwerekedwa kuchokera ku Han Chinese pa mbiri yawo yonse (1992); magawo awiriwa sanagwirizane ndi chiyambi cha Vietnamese. Vietnamese kenaka adayikidwa mgulu la Kam-Tai la Daic pamodzi ndi Zhuang (kuphatikiza Nùng ndi Tày ku North Vietnam) ndi Thai, atachotsa kukoka kwachinayi. Komabe, a Mbali za Daic komanso wobwereketsa kwa Zhuang m'mbiri yawo yayitali yokhala anansi (André-Georges Haudricourt,, osati zoyambirira za Vietnamese. Pomaliza, Vietnamese adayikidwa mu Zosintha banja lolankhula4, ndi Mon-Khmer zamkati, Wolemba Viet-Moung nthambi (1992) nditatha maphunziro ochulukirapo. Zoyipa ndiye chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri ku Vietnam. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Fudan University ku 2006, ndi Mon-Khmer mwa zilankhulo, koma palibe mawu omaliza omwe adachokera.
Henri Maspero6 kusamalira Chilankhulo cha Vietnamese of Chiyambo-Thai, komanso Abambo Abusa Kutumiza kutsatira izo Indo-Mala gulu. AG Haudricourt5 anali atatsutsa malingaliro a Maspero6 ndikuwona kuti Vietnamese amayikidwa bwino mu banja la Austroasiatic. Palibe chilichonse mwa malingaliro awa chomwe chimafotokoza kumene Chiyankhulochi. Komabe, chinthu chimodzi chatsimikizika: Chi Vietnamese si chilankhulo choyera. Ikuwoneka kuti ndikuphatikiza kwa zilankhulo zingapo, zakale ndi zamakono, zomwe zakhala zikuchitika m'mbiri yonse yotsatira kulumikizana motsatana pakati pa anthu akunja ndi anthu aku Vietnam.
Yoyankhulidwa ndi Anthu aku Vietnamese kwa zaka chikwi, olembedwa Vietnamese sanakhale chilankhulo chovomerezeka ku Vietnam mpaka m'zaka za zana la 20. Kwambiri mbiri yake, bungweli lomwe limadziwika kuti Vietnam lidagwiritsa ntchito kale Chitchaina. M'ma 13, dziko adapanga Chữ nôm, makina olemba ogwiritsa ntchito zilembo za Chitchaina ndi zinthu zamafoni kuti zigwirizane bwino ndi matani ogwirizana ndi chilankhulo cha Vietnamese. Chữ nôm idatsimikiziridwa kuti ndiyabwino kwambiri kuposa zilembo zachikale zaku China zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18 polemba ndakatulo ndi mabuku. Chữ nôm idagwiritsidwa ntchito pazoyang'anira munthawi yachidule Hồ ndi Mafunso a Tây Sơn7. Panthawi ya atsamunda achifalansa, Afrance adalanda dziko la China. Sipanali ufulu kuchokera ku France pomwe Vietnamese idagwiritsidwa ntchito mwalamulo. Ndilankhulo lamaphunziro m'masukulu ndi m'mayunivesite ndipo chilankhulo chamabizinesi ovomerezeka.
Monga maiko ena ambiri aku Asia, chifukwa chamgwirizano ndi China kwazaka zambiri, ambiri a Vietnamese leononi zokhudzana ndi sayansi ndi ndale zachokera ku China. Osachepera 60% ya lexical stock ili ndi mizu yaku China, osaphatikizapo kubwereketsa mawu kuchokera ku China, ngakhale mawu ambiri ophatikizidwa amapangidwa Mawu achi Vietnamese kuphatikiza ndi kobwereka zaku China. Munthu amatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa mawu amtundu wa Vietnamese ndi kubwereka kwa China ngati kungakhale konzanso. Chifukwa chakulanda ku France, Vietnamese kuyambira pamenepo amachokera ku mawu ambiri ochokera ku Chifalansa, Mwachitsanzo ku phê (ochokera ku French khofi). Masiku ano, mawu ambiri atsopano akuwonjezeredwa ku lexicon ya chilankhulo chifukwa chakuchuluka kwachikhalidwe chakumadzulo; awa nthawi zambiri amabwerekedwa ku Chingerezi, mwachitsanzo TV (ngakhale zimawonedwa kale mu kaundula monga tivi). Nthawi zina zobwereka izi ndimapangizo amamasuliridwa ku Vietnamese (Mwachitsanzo, mapulogalamu amapangidwa kukhala phần mềm, kutanthauza "gawo lofewa").8
… Pitilizani mu gawo 2…
ONANI ZAMBIRI:
◊ CHINENERO CHA VIETNAMESE cha Vietnamese ndi Alendo - Zilembo za Vietnamese - Gawo 2
◊ CHINENERO CHA VIETNAMESE cha Vietnamese ndi Alendo - Makonsonanti aku Vietnamese - Gawo 3
◊ VIETNAMESE CHIMODZI cha Vietnamese ndi akunja - Matani a Vietnamese - Gawo 4
◊ CHINENERO CHA VIETNAMESE cha Vietnamese ndi Alendo - Makonsonanti aku Vietnamese - Gawo 5
zolemba:
1 Alexandre de Rhodes, SJ [15 March 1591 ku Avignon, Apapa (tsopano ku France) - 5 Novembala 1660 ku Isfahan, Persia] anali mmishonale wachi Avitonese wa Jesuit komanso wolemba mabuku amene adakhudza kwambiri Chikhristu ku Vietnam. Adalemba fayilo ya Kutanthauzira mawu Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum, dikishonale yoyambirira m'zinenero zitatu ya Vietnamese-Portuguese-Latin, yofalitsidwa ku Rome, mu 1651.
2 Gwero: Lac Viet Computing Corporation.
3 Gwero: IRD New Tech.
4 Zilankhulo za ku Austroasiatic, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti Mon – Khmer, ndi banja lachilankhulo chachikulu ku Mainland Southeast Asia, komanso omwazikana m'malo onse a India, Bangladesh, Nepal, ndi kumwera kwa China. Pali oyankhula pafupifupi 117 miliyoni azilankhulo za ku Austroasiatic. Mwa zilankhulozi, ndi Vietnamese, Khmer ndi Mon okha omwe ali ndi mbiri yakale yolembedwa ndipo ndi Vietnamese ndi Khmer okha omwe ali ndi mbiri yazilankhulo zamakono (ku Vietnam ndi Cambodia, motsatana).
5 André-Georges Adaway (Januware 17, 1911 ku Paris - Ogasiti 20, 1996 ku Paris) anali botanist waku France, anthropologist komanso katswiri wazilankhulo.
6 Henri Paul Gaston Maspero15 Disembala 1883 ku Paris - 17 Marichi 1945 ku ndende yozunzirako anthu ku Buchenwald, Weimar Nazi Germany) anali katswiri wazachipembedzo waku France komanso pulofesa yemwe adathandizira pamitu yambiri yokhudza East Asia. Maspero amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha maphunziro ake opanga upainiya a Daoism. Anamangidwa ndi a Nazi panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse ndipo adamwalira kundende yozunzirako anthu ku Buchenwald.
7 Dzinalo Tây Sơn (Nhà Tây Sơn 家 西山) imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mbiri ya Vietnamese m'njira zosiyanasiyana kutanthauzira nthawi ya zigawenga za anthu wamba komanso mafumu omwe adakhazikitsidwa pakati pa kutha kwa mafumu a Lê mu 1770 ndikuyamba kwa mafumu a Nguyễn ku 1802. Dzina la atsogoleri opandukawo ' chigawo chakunyumba, Tây Sơn, idayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa atsogoleri iwowo (abale a Tây Sơn: ie, Nguyễn Nhạc, Huệ, ndi Lữ), kuwukira kwawo (Chiwukirano cha Tây Sơn) kapena ulamuliro wawo (mzera wa [Nguyễn] Tây Sơn).
8 Gwero: Wikipedia Encyclopedia.
Image Chithunzi chamutu - Gwero: vi.wikipedia.org
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